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Neuronal loss and apoptosis often occur in peripheral nerve injury,which is associated with release of inflammatory molecules and activation of microglia/macrophages [1].Excessive inflammatory response mediated by glial cells can exacerbate many neurological conditions and cause allodynia,hyperalgesia,neuropathic pain,and opioid tolerance [2].The Iba1-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the injured dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) can be intrinsic microglia and/or monocyte-derived macrophages,both of which are major sources of tumor necrosis factor-α and other inflammatory cytokines implicated in neuropathic pain syndromes.Thus,inflammatory modulation may provide a therapeutic solution for the treatment of these aforementioned diseases.