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一、中国外贸体制探索性改革与深化改革 1979至1987年是中国外贸体制进行探索性改革的时期。这一时期,中国外贸体制的改革主要是下放外贸经营权,广开贸易渠道,改革高度集中的经营体制。突出表现在改革单一的指令性计划管理和下放外贸经营权方面。到1987年底,全国有外贸经营权的企业共3000家左右。计划列名商品由3000多种缩减到112种,取消了全国的收购计划和调拨计划。1988—1990年,中国全面推行外贸承包经营责任制。承包制开始触动了外贸经营体制和财务体制。在经营体制方面,由完全指令性计划变为指令性、指导性和市场调节相结合。在指令性范围缩小的基础上,又变为仅限于承包指标的指令性。由于承包指标最终落实到外贸企业和出口生产企业,从而促进了工贸结合,增强了产销联系。在财务体制方面,按经济效益指标规定,有盈不退,超亏不补,盈亏由各承
I. Exploratory Reform and Deepening Reform of China’s Foreign Trade System From 1979 to 1987, it was a period of exploratory reform of China’s foreign trade system. During this period, the reform of China’s foreign trade system was mainly to decentralize the right to operate foreign trade, widen the channels of trade, and reform the highly centralized management system. Outstanding performance in the reform of a single mandatory plan management and decentralization of foreign trade management rights. By the end of 1987, there were a total of about 3,000 companies with foreign trade rights. The number of products listed under the plan was reduced from 3,000 to 112, canceling the nationwide acquisition plan and allocation plan. From 1988 to 1990, China fully implemented the foreign trade contract responsibility system. The contract system started to touch the foreign trade management system and financial system. In terms of management system, the combination of a fully-instructive program and a prescriptive, directive, and market-based regulation. On the basis of reducing the scope of the directive, it has become limited to the mandatory nature of contract indicators. As the contractual indicators were finally implemented in foreign trade enterprises and export production enterprises, the integration of industry and trade was promoted and the connection between production and sales was strengthened. In the financial system, according to the provisions of economic efficiency indicators, there will be no surplus, no excess loss, and no profit.