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导言学习某种语言的学生,总是在不断地改变他的言语行为,使之符合本族语者的习惯。这种不稳定性是意料中的事,而且应受到欢迎。他在某一学习阶段的语言实际上是介于其母语和目的语之间的“过渡方言”(transitional dialect)或“个人方言”(idiolect)。我们说学生的这种语言不规范,不合格或者不正确,通常是以其母语或目的语的语法做标准的,但就其过渡方言本身的“语法”而言,它是有体系的。下面所讨论的错误是以目的语的语法为标准的。
Introduction Students who learn a certain language are constantly changing their verbal behavior to fit the native speaker’s habit. This instability is a surprise and welcome. His language at one stage of learning is actually “transitional dialect” or “idiolect” between his native language and the target language. We say that a student’s language is not normall, unqualified or incorrect, and is usually standardized in the mother tongue or the grammar of the target language, but it is systematic in terms of the “grammar” of the dialect itself. The errors discussed below are standard in the target language.