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尿路上皮是分布于肾盂、输尿管、膀胱及尿道近膀胱部的一类移行上皮。在尿路上皮发育或损伤修复的过程中，基底层干细胞中一系列转录因子的分级调控发挥了重要作用，最终形成分化成熟的移行上皮细胞并表达尿路上皮特异性标志蛋白。正确理解正常尿路上皮分化的过程，不仅有利于了解尿路上皮癌的发生和分期规律，寻找相应的治疗靶点并提供可能的治疗方案，而且能完善尿路损伤修复过程的研究。此外，干细胞分化微环境的研究也为组织工程和组织重建提供了重要的理论支持。在本文中，我们对尿路上皮细胞分化相关研究的最新进展进行综述，介绍这一领域研究的临床意义。“,”The urothelium is a transitional epithelium which lines on the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder and proximal urethra adjacent to the bladder. It’s a permeability barrier. In the process of urothelial development or injury repair, the mature urothelial cells expressing uroplakin appears after the hierarchical transcription of a series of transcription factors in basal stem cells. Understanding normal urothelial differentiation process of the urothelial cells could be beneficial to uncover the development of urothelial carcinoma so that to provide targeted therapy options and the study of the urinary tract repair process after injury. In addition, the study of stem cell differentiation microenvironment also provides important theoretical support for tissue engineering and tissue reconstruction. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on urothelial cell differentiation and its clinical significance.