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周代的封国是否城邦?学术界有截然相反的两种看法。由于分封与宗法是合一的,在封国制下,“天下”的关系就既是诸侯与天子的封建关系,又是小宗对大宗的宗法关系,封国制具有双重性,其内部隐藏着统一和分立的矛盾。把封国称作城邦,等同于希腊古典城邦,和把周的政治体系称作统一的中央集权制度,把封国说成与希腊城邦决然相反,毫无共通之处,都是片面的。只有把握住了统一和分立的内在矛盾,才可以理解周代的封国制,也有助于理解古典城邦制的特点。
Whether the seal of the Zhou Dynasty city-state? There are two diametrically opposed views of academia. Because of the unity of patriarchal clan and patriarchal clan system, under the system of patriotism, the relation of “the whole world” is not only the feudal relationship between princes and emperor but also the patriarchal clan relations between emperor and emperor, Unification and separation of contradictions. To call it a city-state, equivalent to the Greek classical city-state, and to call the political system of Zhou a unified system of centralization of state means that the sealing of a country is the opposite of the Greek city-state and has no common ground and all are one-sided. Only by grasping the internal contradictions of unity and separation can we understand the closed state system of the Zhou Dynasty and also help to understand the characteristics of the classical city-state system.