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自然主义是19世纪末20世纪初法国文学界的一个主要的文学现象。然而,它的理论、方法和作品对其他国家尤其是美国的文学曾经产生了重大的影响。随着左拉等法国自然主义小说家的作品在美国的广泛传播,美国大陆也相继产生了自己的自然主义小说家。他们将法国的自然主义移植于美国的文学土壤,着意表现自然法则制约下的人的生存状态,作品中不乏对正义力量的同情与追求,同时也饱含着对现实深深的失望。在这些开拓者中,弗兰克·诺里斯(Frank Norris,1870—1902)则居于特殊地位。他的自然主义力作《麦克梯格》(McTeague,1899)已作为“第一部重要的自然主义小说”而载入美国经典小说的行列。在他的力荐和影响下,一批以德莱赛为代表的优秀小说家很快就崛起于美国文坛,使美国小说进入了一个新的时代。当我们追溯20世纪美国小说发展的历史渊源时,我们首先应当了解和研究的就是弗兰
Naturalism is a major literary phenomenon in French literature in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. However, its theories, methods and works have had a significant impact on the literature of other countries, especially the United States. As the works of French naturalist novelists such as Zola were widely spread in the United States, the mainland of the United States also successively produced their own naturalistic novelists. They transplanted French naturalism into the American literature soil, expressed the living conditions of people under the constraints of the laws of nature, and there were no lack of sympathy and pursuit of the forces of justice in the works, but they were also deeply disappointed with the reality. Of these pioneers, Frank Norris (1870-1902) is in a special position. His naturalist masterpiece, McTeague (1899), has been included in the ranks of American classic novels as “the first major naturalistic novel.” Under his influence and recommendation, a group of outstanding novelists represented by Dresser soon emerged in the American literary world, bringing American novels into a new era. As we trace the historical origins of the development of American novels in the 20th century, what we should first understand and study is Fran