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根深蒂固的欧洲旧体制并没有因为经过法国革命的洗礼而消声匿迹,相反,即便是革命所建立的权力体系也留下了旧体制的痕迹。法国启蒙哲人的浪漫激情和强大的旧体制之间的张力是解读法国革命长期性的关键因素。托克维尔发现,人们对现状的主观不满和客观现实的相对好坏是不一致的,革命常常反而发生在比较富裕、自由相对较多的地区。单单是一部完善的宪法并不能保障一个民族的真正自由和长足的进步繁荣。自由不仅仅要有法制上的保障,更重要的是要深入到一个民族的行事习惯之中,成为每个公民的公德(CivicVirtue)的一部分;而法治也只能由公民的共同意识、教养和德行来维护。
The deep-rooted system of old Europe did not disappear through the baptism of the French Revolution; on the contrary, even the power system established by the revolution left its mark on the old system. The tension between the romantic passion of French enlightenment philosophers and the powerful old system is a key factor in interpreting the long-term French revolution. Tocqueville found that people’s subjective dissatisfaction with the status quo and the relative reality of the objective reality are inconsistent. The revolution often takes place in a relatively affluent and relatively free area. A perfect Constitution alone can not guarantee the true freedom of a nation and its long-term progress and prosperity. Freedom is not only guaranteed by the rule of law, but more importantly, it goes deep into the habits of a nation and becomes part of the civic virtue of every citizen. And the rule of law can only be implemented by the common sense of citizenship, Virtue to maintain.