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在口语和书面语中,宾语从句是使用率较高的一种语言现象。仔细阅读近年各地的高考试卷,我们可以发现,它既是重点、也是热点。其考点主要涉及到宾语从句的引导词、连接词的区别、否定转移等现象。本文对宾语从句使用中的若干难点归纳如下。
一、连词that不能省略的场合
在引导宾语从句时,that往往可以省略,但在下列情况下一般不宜省略:
① 主句谓语带有两个或几个由连词that引导的宾语从句时,第二个及其之后的宾语从句的连词that不能省略。
例She told me (that)she lived in Beijing and that she was an actress. 她告诉我她住在北京,还有她是个演员。
The teacher said (that) the book was based on a true story and that many people were moved by it deeply. 老师说这本书取材于一个真实的故事,许多人都被它深深的感动。
② 当that从句本身是一个复合句时,that之后紧跟着另一个连词,这时that不能省略。
例I hope that if you ever visit Paris, you must come and stay with us. 希望如果你什么时候来巴黎,一定要来和我在一起。
③ 在“S + Vt. + it + adj.(n.) + that-clause”句型中,it是形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句是真正宾语,这时一般不宜省略。
例 We felt it strange that she should leave without saying good-bye. 我感到她没说再见就离开了很奇怪。
We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language. 我认为大学生至少掌握一门外语很重要。
④ 有的句子较长、结构复杂,为了不致于造成句子混乱,甚至误解,从而使逻辑形式清晰,易于理解,此时that一般不宜省略。
例I’ve learned that, no matter what happens and how bad it seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow. 我知道,今天不管发生什么事和情况有多么糟,生活都会继续下去,明天会更好。
I believed, too, that I had never listened so attentively. 我也认为他从来没有这么专心的听讲。
二、“介词+连接代词”引导宾语从句
在这种结构中介词是依据与动词的搭配习惯或与连接代词的搭配习惯确定的。
例He will give the dictionary to whomever needs it most. 他要把字典给最需要它的人。
Alex asked the policeman with whom he had to contact whenever there was an accident. Alex问警察不管何时发生了事故他需要和谁联系。
三、宾语从句中的否定转移
当主句主语为I(we) ,且由think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引导宾语从句时,其否定意义应该通过否定主句谓语来实现。
例 I don’t think he can mend the bike by himself. 我认为他自己不能修好这辆自行车。
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我想我们明天不会去郊游。
四、一般地说,在引导宾语从句时,whether 和if 可以互换,但在下列情况下只能使用whether
① 可以直接和or not连用,构成whether or not。
例I don’t know whether or not he will come here after school. 我不知道放学后他是否来这里。
He is not sure whether or not the girl will accept his offer of marriage. 他不能肯定她是否接受他的求婚。
② 宾语从句作介词的宾语时。
例It all depends on whether she like the boss or not.这要依据她是否喜欢这个老板来定。
They are talking about whether he knows this. 他们在谈论他是否知道这件事。
③ 把宾语从句提到主句之前时,只能用whether引导。
例 Whether he is a scientist, no one knows. 他是否是一位科学家,没有人知道。
Whether you can succeed in the end, everyone wonders. 你最终是否能成功,大家都想知道。
④ “whether+动词不定式”构成一个名词性结构作宾语,此时也不能用if换用。
例 You’d better ask your parents whether to watch TV at home or go to the cinema. 你最好去问你父母是在家里看电视还是去看电影。
五、whoever, whatever, whichever等引导宾语从句
这种结构均可以做及物动词或介词的宾语从句。
例You can say whatever comes into your mind. 你想说什么就可以说什么。
We are ready to do whatever the Party wants us to do. 我们时刻准备做党号召我们做的事。
I will take whichever books that you don’t want. 我想要你不要的任何书。
一、连词that不能省略的场合
在引导宾语从句时,that往往可以省略,但在下列情况下一般不宜省略:
① 主句谓语带有两个或几个由连词that引导的宾语从句时,第二个及其之后的宾语从句的连词that不能省略。
例She told me (that)she lived in Beijing and that she was an actress. 她告诉我她住在北京,还有她是个演员。
The teacher said (that) the book was based on a true story and that many people were moved by it deeply. 老师说这本书取材于一个真实的故事,许多人都被它深深的感动。
② 当that从句本身是一个复合句时,that之后紧跟着另一个连词,这时that不能省略。
例I hope that if you ever visit Paris, you must come and stay with us. 希望如果你什么时候来巴黎,一定要来和我在一起。
③ 在“S + Vt. + it + adj.(n.) + that-clause”句型中,it是形式宾语,that引导的宾语从句是真正宾语,这时一般不宜省略。
例 We felt it strange that she should leave without saying good-bye. 我感到她没说再见就离开了很奇怪。
We think it important that college students should master at least one foreign language. 我认为大学生至少掌握一门外语很重要。
④ 有的句子较长、结构复杂,为了不致于造成句子混乱,甚至误解,从而使逻辑形式清晰,易于理解,此时that一般不宜省略。
例I’ve learned that, no matter what happens and how bad it seems today, life goes on and it will be better tomorrow. 我知道,今天不管发生什么事和情况有多么糟,生活都会继续下去,明天会更好。
I believed, too, that I had never listened so attentively. 我也认为他从来没有这么专心的听讲。
二、“介词+连接代词”引导宾语从句
在这种结构中介词是依据与动词的搭配习惯或与连接代词的搭配习惯确定的。
例He will give the dictionary to whomever needs it most. 他要把字典给最需要它的人。
Alex asked the policeman with whom he had to contact whenever there was an accident. Alex问警察不管何时发生了事故他需要和谁联系。
三、宾语从句中的否定转移
当主句主语为I(we) ,且由think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引导宾语从句时,其否定意义应该通过否定主句谓语来实现。
例 I don’t think he can mend the bike by himself. 我认为他自己不能修好这辆自行车。
I don’t suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我想我们明天不会去郊游。
四、一般地说,在引导宾语从句时,whether 和if 可以互换,但在下列情况下只能使用whether
① 可以直接和or not连用,构成whether or not。
例I don’t know whether or not he will come here after school. 我不知道放学后他是否来这里。
He is not sure whether or not the girl will accept his offer of marriage. 他不能肯定她是否接受他的求婚。
② 宾语从句作介词的宾语时。
例It all depends on whether she like the boss or not.这要依据她是否喜欢这个老板来定。
They are talking about whether he knows this. 他们在谈论他是否知道这件事。
③ 把宾语从句提到主句之前时,只能用whether引导。
例 Whether he is a scientist, no one knows. 他是否是一位科学家,没有人知道。
Whether you can succeed in the end, everyone wonders. 你最终是否能成功,大家都想知道。
④ “whether+动词不定式”构成一个名词性结构作宾语,此时也不能用if换用。
例 You’d better ask your parents whether to watch TV at home or go to the cinema. 你最好去问你父母是在家里看电视还是去看电影。
五、whoever, whatever, whichever等引导宾语从句
这种结构均可以做及物动词或介词的宾语从句。
例You can say whatever comes into your mind. 你想说什么就可以说什么。
We are ready to do whatever the Party wants us to do. 我们时刻准备做党号召我们做的事。
I will take whichever books that you don’t want. 我想要你不要的任何书。