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近数十年来物理学家发现了许多所谓物质的“基本”粒子。这些粒子就是质子,中子,电子,阳电子,中微子,各种质量的带阳电、带阴电或不带电的介子,还有光子。要懂得原子内和原子核内的种种过程以及原子核反应,从而很好地掌握原子能,就得研究这些粒子的性质,研究它们之间的相互作用和彼此的转化。为了弄清楚有关“基本”粒子的问题,我们先来说明电子的基本性质。电子的发现和它的性质的研究的历史,是很有教育意义的。物理学家在这方面的工作过程中,被迫放弃了许多习惯了的、但是就新的事实说来是
In recent decades, physicists have discovered many so-called “basic” particles of matter. These particles are protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos, positive ions of various qualities, negatively charged or uncharged mesons, and photons. To understand the various processes within the atom and atomic nucleus as well as the atomic-nuclear reaction, in order to grasp the atomic energy well, we must study the properties of these particles, and study their interaction and mutual transformation. In order to clarify the issues related to “basic” particles, we first explain the basic nature of electrons. The history of the discovery of electrons and the nature of their research is very educational. In the course of this work, physicists were forced to give up many habits, but the new facts are