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联合国《国家及其财产管辖豁免公约》明确了国家豁免是一项国际习惯法原则,因而也肯定了国家在“国内法律体系”中扮演着首要角色的传统地位;同时,在有关合同、商业交易等方面,公约也把国家置于与自然人和法人同等的法律地位。公约的不足之处主要有两点,一是在商业交易的定义方面给予法院地国太大的自由裁量空间,二是在国家豁免例外方面缺乏总体的管辖原则。公约一方面为国家豁免划定了明确的界限,这将有效遏制任意限制国家豁免范围的倾向;另一方面公约对被告国援引豁免有一定条件限制,从而可以有效地维护自然人和法人的利益。
The United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and their Property made it clear that state immunity is a principle of international customary law and thus confirms the traditional status of the state in playing a primary role in the “domestic legal system.” At the same time, Commercial transactions, etc., the Convention places the state in the same legal status as natural persons and legal persons. There are two major deficiencies in the convention: First, there is too much room for discretion in the definition of commercial transactions for the countries in the courts; second, there is a lack of overall jurisdictional principles in respect of exceptions to state immunity. On the one hand, the Convention sets a clear boundary for state immunity, which will effectively curb the tendency of arbitrarily restricting the scope of State immunity. On the other hand, the Convention has certain restrictions on the exemption of the State aid of the accused, so that the interests of both natural and legal persons can be effectively protected.