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目的研究汽车制造行业工人患肌肉骨骼疾患(MSDs)的工效学危险因素。方法采取分层整群抽样的方式,从广东省3家汽车生产企业随机抽取冲压、焊装、涂装及总装工人共1 065名,对其进行问卷调查,内容包括个人一般情况、工效学危险作业活动及肌肉骨骼疾患症状。结果颈部(38.87%)与背部(31.83%)的大角度弯曲及高度重复性伴手部大角度高度用力活动(39.34%)是汽车企业作业过程最为突出的工效学危险姿势或动作,各工种的暴露与患病情况各有不同;在MSDs的多因素Logistic分析中,各部位的危险姿势或动作与相应部位的肌肉骨骼疾患有关,此外,颈部的不适症状还与工龄(OR=1.238)相关,膝盖的不适症状与体重(OR=1.644)相关。结论汽车制造企业工人的职业性肌肉骨骼疾患与其作业中相应部位典型工效学危险活动或姿势有关,应采取措施改善和控制作业过程中的高危因素,预防肌肉骨骼疾患的发生。
Objective To study ergonomic risk factors for workers suffering from musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in the automotive manufacturing industry. Methods A total of 1 065 stamping, welding, coating and assembly workers were randomly selected from three automobile manufacturing enterprises in Guangdong Province by means of stratified cluster sampling. The questionnaires were conducted to investigate the general situation, ergonomics risk Work activities and musculoskeletal disorders. Results Large-angle bending and high repetitiveness of the neck (38.87%) and back (31.83%) were associated with large-angle and high-strength hand movements (39.34%), which were the most prominent ergonomic postures or motions in the car industry. In the multivariate Logistic analysis of MSDs, the dangerous posture or action of each part was related to the musculoskeletal disorders of the corresponding parts. In addition, the symptom of neck was also related to the length of service (OR = 1.238) Related, knee symptoms associated with weight (OR = 1.644). Conclusion Occupational musculoskeletal disorders in automobile manufacturing enterprises are related to the typical ergonomic dangerous activities or postures in the corresponding parts of their operations. Measures should be taken to improve and control the high risk factors during the operation and prevent the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders.