【摘 要】
：
义和团的起源与义和团运动的起源应该是两个问题,尽管有联系.“义和团,起山东”,而义和团运动起川东,是余栋臣第二次起义,而非赵三多起义或朱红灯起义拉开义和团运动序幕.因
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义和团的起源与义和团运动的起源应该是两个问题,尽管有联系.“义和团,起山东”,而义和团运动起川东,是余栋臣第二次起义,而非赵三多起义或朱红灯起义拉开义和团运动序幕.因为义和团运动与教案并无实质区别,组织与仪式只是义和团运动的一些外在特征,余栋臣第二次起义与义和团运动在一些主要方面相同或相近,余栋臣第二次起义直接推动半个河山的义和团运动,并与义和团运动爆发有内在联系.突破“山东说”、“北方说”,可能会看到一个更为完整的义和团运动.
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