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在我国,随着海上油田的开发和油运事业的发展,沿海油溢事故有增加的趋势。 石油入海后,有相当一部分沉于海底,或被风浪,潮汐输送至潮间带和潮下带,并逐渐下渗进沉积物中。油不仅能改变沉积物的环境条件,影响一些经济贝类幼体和藻类孢子的附着,而且还污染了经济底栖生物,如比目鱼、海参、牡蛎、蛤蜊、蚶等。已知,油从沉积物中消失,主要依赖于烃类微生物(主要是烃类氧化菌)的降解作用。因此,研究有关沉积物的烃类氧化菌对油的降解问题,对于全面阐明局部水域油的净化作用,估计油溢事故对水产生物的影响都颇有意义。本文根据多年研究工作的一些体会,对国内外有关研究成果作简要介绍,供参考。
In our country, along with the development of offshore oilfields and the development of oil tankers, coastal oil spill accidents have an increasing trend. After the oil enters the sea, a considerable portion of it sinks to the sea floor or is storms, the tides are transported to intertidal zone and subtidal zone, and gradually infiltrate the sediment. The oil not only alters the environmental conditions of sediments, affects the attachment of some economic molluscan shellfish and algae spores, but also pollutes economic benthic organisms such as flounder, sea cucumbers, oysters, clams, jackals and the like. It is known that oil disappears from sediments and relies mainly on the degradation of hydrocarbonaceous microorganisms, mainly hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, studying the degradation of oil by hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria of sediments is of great significance for the comprehensive elucidation of the purifying effect of oil in local waters and estimating the impact of oil spill on aquatic organisms. Based on some experience of many years of research work, this article gives a brief introduction about the research results at home and abroad for reference.