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清代是“说文”研究的巅峰阶段,乾嘉学者考释《说文》,以笔记的形式留存下大量的考据。我们全面整理了清代学者研究《说文》词义训释的材料,从考证内容、考证结构、考证方法三个方面对材料进行了描写与分析,以期完整呈现清代学者考证《说文》词义训释的总体面貌。我们发现,乾嘉笔记中《说文》词义考证具有如下特点:考证内容以考订本义为主,同时兼顾引申义和假借义,形成了从本义到引申义、假借义的词义梳理模式;考证方法大量使用“据义证义”“据音证义”;校勘方法则更偏重利用他书征引内容及《说文》内部体例;参引材料以“五经”为主,系统地阐释许氏所作的训释。从历史沿革来看,清代学者对《说文》词义训释的考证发轫于清初至康熙雍正,此时多为提纲挈领的介绍;发展于乾隆时期,考据结构简洁、明了,重视逻辑推断,较少引用材料进行论证;兴盛于乾隆末期至道光中叶,考据结构完善,普遍能做到取证与释理相结合,并注意辨证前修时贤的错误观点及致误的原因;道光中后期发展趋于平缓,考证结构趋于完备,考证模式逐渐固定,学者们把考证的重心放在了材料的选用上,通过材料的排比得出结论。其后金石学的发展在一定程度上带动了《说文》的研究,但学术的大潮已渐趋平稳,考据的全盛时期已经结束。
The Qing Dynasty was the peak stage of the research on “writing ”. The Qianghu and Jia scholars examined and explained the “Shuo Wen” and kept a large amount of test notes in the form of notes. We have comprehensively compiled the materials of Qing Dynasty scholar to study the explanation of the meaning of Shuo Wen, described and analyzed the materials from the three aspects of textual research content, textual research structure and textual research method, in order to fully present the textual meaning of Shuo Wen Explain the general appearance. We found that the textual research of “Shuo Wen” in Qian Jia’s notes has the following characteristics: the content of textual research is based on the original textual research while taking into account the extended meanings and the false meanings; A large number of the use of “according to the meaning of evidence ” “sound proof” ; collation method is more emphasis on the use of his book to quote the content and the “text” internal system; reference material to the “five classics” mainly system To explain Xu’s explanation. From historical perspective, the scholars of the Qing Dynasty made a textual research on the interpretation of the meaning of “Shuo Wen” in the early Qing Dynasty and then to Yongxi of Emperor Kangxi. At this time, most of them were introduction of synopsis. In the period of Qianlong period, the textual research was concise, clear and logical inference, Less cited material for argument; prosperous in the late Emperor Qianlong to Daoguang middle, test the structure is perfect, can generally do a combination of forensics and interpretation, and pay attention to the wrong point of view when the syndromes prehistoric mistakes and the reasons for the error; Tends to be gentle, research structure tends to be complete, textual research model gradually fixed, the textual research focus on the selection of materials, draw conclusions through the material row ratio. Since then, the development of petrology has led to the study of “Shuo Wen” to a certain extent. However, the academic tide has gradually stabilized and the heyday of test has come to an end.