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制度化的“陋规”在清代,州县官仅能得到一份名义上的薪俸,到雍正时期才增加一份实质性的津贴(养廉银)。《大清例律》和《吏部则例》将滥用权力、贪污受贿都列为应予严惩的行为。奇怪的是,虽然法律明文禁止,但各级官员都予以默许,甚至连皇帝也睁一只眼闭一只眼。当然,默许陋规存在并不意味着州县官可以为所欲为,收费额度不得不受当地惯例的规约和限制。陋规这种违反法律的惯例为何能得到官僚体系的默许长期存在呢?首先是
Institutionalized “Unruly Rules” In the Qing Dynasty, state and county magistrates received only a nominal salary, and only added a substantial allowance (Yin Lian Yin) during the Yongzheng period. The “Laws of the Qing Dynasty” and “The Ministry of Civil Affairs and Laws and Cases” list abuse of power and corruption as examples of behaviors that should be severely punished. Curiously, although the law is expressly forbidden, officials at all levels have acquiesced in it. Even the emperor has one eye closed. Of course, the existence of tacit rules does not mean that prefectures and magistrates can do whatever they want, and the quotas have to be governed by local conventions and restrictions. Why does the bureaucratic tacit consent of this bureaucratic tardiness exist? First and foremost