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瑞典国有企业主要有三部分组成: 一是国家管理局。主要包括国家铁路总局、邮政总局、水电管理局、国家电信总局、军工企业管理局、国有森林管理局、国家航空局和海运局等。这些单位既直接从事企业活动,又担负部分政府管理职能,与我国改革前的一些部委颇为相似。 二是股份公司。七十年代中期,政府为增加就业,将造船业、钢铁业收归国有,使其国有股份企业迅速膨胀。到1991年已包括6家信贷公司和452家股份公司(其中45家国有股份不低于50％),有职工12万多人。作为股份公司它们属于法人单位,并受《股份公司法》管辖,工资、用人、贷款和投资等方面享有较大的自由。 三是基金会。全国有200多个基金会。它主要对一些社会福利企业、文化设施、行业科研机构和专为中小企业提供风险资金的开发公司,采用基金会的方式进行管理,即由政府拨出专款、制定章程、任命理事会进行管理。基金会一经
The Swedish state-owned enterprises mainly consists of three parts: First, the State Administration. Mainly include the State Administration of Railways, the General Post Office, the Hydroelectric Authority, the State Administration of Communications, the Military Enterprise Administration, the State-owned Forest Bureau, the National Aviation Administration and the Maritime Administration. These units are both directly engaged in business activities, but also assume part of the government management functions, and some of our ministries before the reform quite similar. Second, the stock company. In the mid-1970s, the government, in order to increase employment, put the shipbuilding and steel industries under state ownership and rapidly expanded their state-owned shareholding enterprises. By 1991, it had included 6 credit companies and 452 joint-stock companies (45 of which had not less than 50% of state-owned shares) and had more than 120,000 employees. As a joint-stock company, they belong to legal person units and they are subject to the Law of Joint-stock Company, which gives them greater freedom in salary, employment, loans and investment. Third, the foundation. There are more than 200 foundations throughout the country. It mainly manages some social welfare enterprises, cultural facilities, industrial research institutes and development companies that provide venture capital for small and medium-sized enterprises by way of foundations, that is, earmarked funds are allocated by the government, articles of association are established, and the board of directors is appointed to manage them. Once the foundation