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瘟疫是在大范围流行、死亡人数众多的传染病。它从病理学角度来说,可归入生物危害。清朝同治元年至三年(1862～1864年),长江中下游诸省,发生了中国近代史上最严重的一次瘟疫灾害。从苏、浙、皖重灾区的情况看,其种类有霍乱、斑疹伤寒以及疟疾等严重传染病。此次疫灾的特点有两个:一是流行的时间长,前后延续达三年之久;二是灾区的范围广,波及长江中下游数省。而江苏、浙江、安徽流行最甚,受灾最为严重,给当地人民的生命财产带来极其惨重的损失,对当时的中国社会及以后的历史都有深刻的影响。同治初年苏浙皖诸省的瘟疫如此流行,究其原因主要有以下几点: 一、咸丰朝迭年而起的自然灾害是同治初
The plague is an infectious disease that is widespread and has a large number of deaths. It is classified as a biological hazard in terms of pathology. During the first year to three years (1862 to 1864) of Tongzhi during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty, the most serious plague in modern Chinese history occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Judging from the severely affected areas in the Soviet Union, Zhejiang, and Fujian Provinces, there are severe infectious diseases such as cholera, typhus, and malaria. The epidemic has two characteristics: First, it takes a long time to spread, and it lasts for three years. Second, the scope of the disaster area affects a large number of provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui, the most popular ones were the most severely affected and caused extremely heavy losses to the lives and property of the local people, which had a profound impact on the then Chinese society and its subsequent history. The epidemic of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi in the early years of Tongzhi was so prevalent. The main reasons for this were as follows: 1. The natural disaster that began in Xianfeng and began in the same year was the beginning of Tongzhi.