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根据恩格斯的精辟论说,作为“现存封建制度的最高综合与核定”的教会是中世纪思想的体现者与宣传者。教会在促进封建基础的形成的时候,曾经对古代传统,对古代个人崇拜与尊重理性作过斗争。教会在人民群众中培植了对人间生活的歧视,对教会与世俗仅力的屈从。教会将对圣经的盲目崇拜与自由思想对立,以神秘的教义代替了信仰与科学。如同在西方一样,拜占廷的文化曾渗透了教会影响,曾屈服于神学,是为当时的统治阶级服务的。同时,在中世纪早期,在拜占廷仍保有古代文化的残余;这里曾誊抄过希腊文稿,研究过古代希腊的古典著作,评述过罗马的法律,这里也集中过海外各国的知识。
According to Engels’ brilliant theory, the church as the “highest comprehensive and approved existing feudal system” is the embodiment and propagator of medieval thought. At the time of promoting the formation of feudalism, the Church had fought ancient traditions, ancient personal worship and respect rationality. The Church has fostered discrimination among the people and the living of the human being and subservienced the Church and the secular. The church will be the blind worship of the Bible and freedom of thought against the mysterious doctrine to replace the faith and science. As in the West, Byzantium’s culture had infiltrated the Church’s influence and had succumbed to theology, serving the then ruling class. At the same time, in the early Middle Ages, Byzantine retains the remnants of ancient culture; it has copied Greek scriptures, studied ancient Greek classical writings, reviewed Roman law, and concentrated its knowledge abroad.