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(一)文明是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物,是人类社会进入到进步状态的标志。马克思主义的创始人恩格斯在其著名的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》一文中,根据英国著名的生物学家和社会学家摩尔根的历史分期法,把人类社会的发展分为三个主要时代,即蒙昧时代、野蛮时代、文明时代。蒙昧时代是人类采集渔猎时期;野蛮时代是人类创造并从事原始农、牧业时期;文明时代则是人类发明了加工业和艺术产生时期。纵观人类发展史,其中3/5多为蒙味时期,1/5多为野蛮时期,而文明时期只有5000—6000年的历史。尽管文明时期短,但却是人类社会大发展时期,大进步时期。在人类社会的文明史上,依次出现了奴
(1) Civilization is the product of the development of human society to a certain historical stage and a sign of the progress of human society into a state of progress. In his famous article “The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State”, Engels, the founder of Marxism, divided the development of human society into three major categories based on the historical staging of the famous British biologist and sociologist Morgan. Era, that ignorant era, barbaric era, civilized era. The time of ignorance is the period of human hunting and hunting; the barbaric era is the period in which mankind created and engaged in the primitive farming and animal husbandry; and the civilized era invented the process industry and art of mankind. Throughout the history of human development, three-fifths were mostly Mongolian, more than one-fifth were barbarians, and civilizations were only 5,000-6,000 years old. Although the civilized period is short, it is a period of great development and great progress of human society. In the history of civilization of human society, followed by slaves