论文部分内容阅读
在复合句中修饰名词、代词，并由关系代词或关系副词所引导的从句叫定语从句，掌握定语从句的关键在关系词.为帮助广大中学生更好地掌握关系词的用法，笔者特作以下整理归纳。
一、关系代词的用法：引导定语从句的关系代词有：who、whom、whose、which、that
1.who和whom
（1）who主格，代替人，即它的先行词必须是人，在从句中做主语. whom 宾格，做宾语。
注：在从句中担任宾格的whom，当它的前面没有介词时，可用who 来代替.当它的前面有介词时，必须用宾格whom. 介词 whom
例如： What’s the name of the girl who often tells jokes？（做从句主语，只能用who）
Mr Li is a man who/whom I have the greatest respect for.
（做宾语，可用who或 whom ）
Mr Li is a man for whom I have the greatest respect .（前有介词，只能用whom ）
2.whose既是who又是which的所有格，它既可以代人，也可以代物，相当于：of whom或者of which.例如：
He is a scientist whose inventions have won international prize.
= The man is a scientist，the inventions of whom won international prize.
I looked at the picture whose colour was golden.
= I looked at the picture，the colour of which was golden.
3. which和 that
which指物，不能指人；that指物，有时也可以指人
下列情况下，只能that用引导定语从句：
（1）先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词、all、no、any、few、little、last、only、one of、very等词修饰时：
例如：This is the best novel that I have read.（正）
This is the best novel which I have read.（误）
（2）先行词是all、everything、something、anything、nothing等不定代词时。
例如：Is there anything that you want to say？
（3）以who、which引出的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时。
例如：Who is the girl that was praised by her teacher？
Which is the bike that he lost？
（4）先行词既有人又有物时。
例如：I don’t know the things and persons that they are talking about.
（5）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，则另一个用that.
例如：Mr Zhang built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
下列情况下，只能用which引导定语从句。
（1）在非限制定语从句中。例如：
The watch ，which I bought last week，doesn’t work.
（2）当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如
Here is the English-English dictionary which，as I have told you，will help to improve your English.
（3）关系代词前有介词时。例如
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
（4） 如有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that时.例如
Let me show you the magzine that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
（5）先行词本身是that时，例如：
The predicate is that which is said of the subject.
注：在限制性定语从句中，which和that代替物时，可通用。如：
The plane that/which has just taken off is ten minutes later.
二、关系副词的用法 引导定语从句的关系副词有：有where、when和why
1.先行词是表地点的名词（如 house、room、place），关系副词用where，例如：
This is the place where I grow up.
2.先行词是表时间的名词（如time、week），关系副词用when，例如：
She came here on the day when I was not at home.
3.reason后面用why，why不能引导非限制性定语从句。例如
That’s the reason why she dislikes him.
4.关系副词一般可以改为：介词 which，例如：
This is the house where =（in which）he lived ten years ago.
5.关系代词that有一种特殊用法，that在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，代替where、when、why或“介词 which”。例如：
三、如何选择关系词
选择关系代词与关系副词的关键在从句中所充当的成分，如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，只能用关系代词，如果关系词在从句中作状语（时间、地点、原因）则用关系副词。
一、关系代词的用法：引导定语从句的关系代词有：who、whom、whose、which、that
1.who和whom
（1）who主格，代替人，即它的先行词必须是人，在从句中做主语. whom 宾格，做宾语。
注：在从句中担任宾格的whom，当它的前面没有介词时，可用who 来代替.当它的前面有介词时，必须用宾格whom. 介词 whom
例如： What’s the name of the girl who often tells jokes？（做从句主语，只能用who）
Mr Li is a man who/whom I have the greatest respect for.
（做宾语，可用who或 whom ）
Mr Li is a man for whom I have the greatest respect .（前有介词，只能用whom ）
2.whose既是who又是which的所有格，它既可以代人，也可以代物，相当于：of whom或者of which.例如：
He is a scientist whose inventions have won international prize.
= The man is a scientist，the inventions of whom won international prize.
I looked at the picture whose colour was golden.
= I looked at the picture，the colour of which was golden.
3. which和 that
which指物，不能指人；that指物，有时也可以指人
下列情况下，只能that用引导定语从句：
（1）先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词、all、no、any、few、little、last、only、one of、very等词修饰时：
例如：This is the best novel that I have read.（正）
This is the best novel which I have read.（误）
（2）先行词是all、everything、something、anything、nothing等不定代词时。
例如：Is there anything that you want to say？
（3）以who、which引出的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时。
例如：Who is the girl that was praised by her teacher？
Which is the bike that he lost？
（4）先行词既有人又有物时。
例如：I don’t know the things and persons that they are talking about.
（5）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，则另一个用that.
例如：Mr Zhang built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
下列情况下，只能用which引导定语从句。
（1）在非限制定语从句中。例如：
The watch ，which I bought last week，doesn’t work.
（2）当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如
Here is the English-English dictionary which，as I have told you，will help to improve your English.
（3）关系代词前有介词时。例如
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
（4） 如有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that时.例如
Let me show you the magzine that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.
（5）先行词本身是that时，例如：
The predicate is that which is said of the subject.
注：在限制性定语从句中，which和that代替物时，可通用。如：
The plane that/which has just taken off is ten minutes later.
二、关系副词的用法 引导定语从句的关系副词有：有where、when和why
1.先行词是表地点的名词（如 house、room、place），关系副词用where，例如：
This is the place where I grow up.
2.先行词是表时间的名词（如time、week），关系副词用when，例如：
She came here on the day when I was not at home.
3.reason后面用why，why不能引导非限制性定语从句。例如
That’s the reason why she dislikes him.
4.关系副词一般可以改为：介词 which，例如：
This is the house where =（in which）he lived ten years ago.
5.关系代词that有一种特殊用法，that在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，代替where、when、why或“介词 which”。例如：
三、如何选择关系词
选择关系代词与关系副词的关键在从句中所充当的成分，如果关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，只能用关系代词，如果关系词在从句中作状语（时间、地点、原因）则用关系副词。