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沂蒙山区早在1946—1947年就完成了土地改革,1950年又进行了土改复查。大体上在1948—1955年这段时间内,沂蒙山区的农民正处于“三十亩地一头牛,老婆孩子热炕头”的小农经济恢复、发展时期。分得土地的农民生产热情高,生活比较安定,但由于土地、人口不均衡,村与村之间、人与人之间贫富仍有较大差距。在这种情况下,沂蒙山区牲畜放牧就存在着多种形式:一种是自养自牧,猪、牛、羊都有这种情况。这种类型都是经济条件较好、劳力较多的家庭;一种是托人代牧,即一家养几只羊或猪,放到别人的猪群或羊群里,让人家给代放。一般放牧者以“一个羊也是放,一群羊也是放”为由,不收报酬,但习惯上以谁代放谁剪毛为酬劳;一种是多户联合雇佣放牧人,这是本文调查重点。
As early as 1946-1947, Yimeng Mountain completed the land reform, and in 1950, it conducted a land reform review. In general, during 1948-1955, farmers in Yimeng Mountain were recovering from and recovering from the economic recovery and development of “a cow with 30 acres of land and hot wedges of his wife and children.” However, due to the uneven land and population, there is still a wide gap between the rich and the poor among people. Under such circumstances, there are many forms of livestock grazing in the Yimeng Mountain area: one is self-raising and grazing, and the case is for pigs, cattle and sheep. This type of economy is better, more labor-intensive families; one is trustee on behalf of the herd, that is, raising a few sheep or pigs, put others in herds or flocks, let others give up. The average grazing man uses the principle of “one sheep is also released and one herd of sheep is also released” on the grounds that no compensation is paid, but who habitually uses shearing as a reward and one that uses more households to jointly hire shepherds is the key point of this paper.