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人口统计学研究一致认为年龄是盲和视觉损害的最好预告者,因为眼正常组织的退化和眼病理学发病率的增加,年龄造成对视觉的损害。由于医学工艺学、外科技术和治疗方面的不断进步,完全丧失视力将会减少,而部分视力丧失的患者比例将增加。习惯上将视觉损害分为4类:1)中心视力下降,2)中心视野丧失,3)周边视野丧失,4)以上三种情况的混合。临床常常看到,并非所有病人的视力和/或视野丧失都是同样的,视觉的完成和视功能的能力可以大不相同。1973年 Trevarthen 和1982年 Liebowitz 和Post 等认为视觉的过程有两种基本形式:焦点的和周围的。这些过程的形成有眼和脑的参与。而且,在完成视觉过程中影响到视力,按其过程中所受干扰的不同每个人有所不同。而不单是靠视力和视野的定量测定。例如,年龄增加会引起对低空间频率的视对比敏感功能下降。因此不同年龄的人可以有同样的视力,但视觉的完成所受的影响却是非常不同的。视觉损害可深刻干扰视觉的完成,因而影响独立生活、学习能力、就业机会和社会关系等等方面。药物和外科干预是全世界防盲的首要措施,防盲的成功常导致视力缺损。历史上,为视觉损害人制定的抢救视力的计划和补偿性照顾服务是着重于补偿病人丧失独立性的那部分。不幸的是,这些措施仍是世界许多地区提供的唯一措施。此外,同样要采取积极措施使仍有可用视力的患者重建视力。通过特殊的低视力检查,让病人使用光学和非光学辅助器,视觉受损者可以最大限度地使用他们的残存视力。低视力检查是通过视觉再建措施来进行和可为改善视功能而设计的多样训练的一部分。低视力检查者使用特殊的检查技术,目的在于对视觉的完成过程进行定性估计和定量测定。用于估计旁中心固视的眼图、对比敏感度试验、动态视力试验、详细的视野分析、使用三棱镜的特殊的屈光技术,以及在远、近距离中用的放大方法是用来改善视觉受损者视功能的一些新方法。为了有效使用聚焦式和周围式的视觉过程,按病人需要而个别设计的光掌辅助器使用的训练是很重要的。低视力服务是提供有效视功能的一种方法,目的是增强视力损害患者的独立性,改善自我概念。
Demographic studies agree that age is the best predictor of blindness and visual impairment due to age-related visual impairment due to the deterioration of normal eye tissues and the increased incidence of ophthalmology. Due to advances in medical technology, surgical techniques and treatment, the total loss of vision will be reduced, while the proportion of patients with partial loss of vision will increase. Traditionally, visual impairment is divided into four categories: 1) decreased central vision, 2) loss of central vision, 3) loss of peripheral vision, and 4) a mixture of the above three conditions. Clinically, it is often seen that not all patients have the same loss of vision and / or vision, and the ability of the visual to accomplish and visual function can be quite different. In 1973 Trevarthen and Liebowitz and Post in 1982 believed that there are two basic forms of visualization: the focus and the surroundings. The formation of these processes involves eye and brain involvement. Moreover, visual acuity in the completion of the process, depending on the process of interference different everyone is different. Rather than rely solely on the quantitative determination of vision and vision. For example, an increase in age can cause a decrease in visual contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequencies. Therefore, people of different ages can have the same vision, but the impact of visual completion is very different. Visual impairment can profoundly interfere with the completion of vision, thus affecting independent living, learning ability, employment opportunities and social relations and so on. Drugs and surgical interventions are the primary prevention measures worldwide, and blindness success often leads to visual impairment. Historically, vision-salvation programs and compensatory care services for visually impaired have focused on compensating patients for the loss of independence. Unfortunately, these measures are still the only measures provided in many parts of the world. In addition, positive measures should also be taken to rebuild vision in patients who have still available vision. With special low vision tests that allow patients to use both optical and non-optical aids, visually impaired people can maximize their residual vision. Low vision tests are part of a diverse range of exercises designed to improve visual function through visual reconstruction measures. Low-vision examiners use special screening techniques aimed at the qualitative assessment and quantification of visual completion. Eye diagrams used for estimating paracentrual fixation, contrast sensitivity tests, dynamic visual acuity tests, detailed field analyzes, special refractive techniques using prisms, and magnification methods for far and near distances are used to improve vision Impaired visual function of some new methods. In order to effectively use the focused and peripheral vision processes, it is important that the training of the individual palm assistants be used as the patient’s needs. Low vision services are a means of providing effective visual function, with the goal of enhancing the independence of patients with visual impairment and improving self-concept.