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摘要:名词定语,名词作状语在现代汉语中大量出现,名词定语结构的广泛使用是现代英语的句法特点之一。名词状语结构虽不如名词定语用的那么经常,但也常见于书刊中,以表示时间、地点等名词较为常见。
关键词:名词定语 ;名词状语; 结构 作用; 语法意义
一、关于名词定语结构
1.名词不加任何语法变化,直接修饰另一名词,这是常见的语法现象,这一点与汉语十分相象,这种名词作定语修饰另一名词的结构称为名词定语结构。
orange juice 桔汁 power plant 发电厂
time table 时刻表
welcome speech 欢迎词
goods train 货车 service counter 服务台
名词定语作定语时候很多,有些名词与另一名词搭配已成为固定词组,并在日常生活中大量使用,如上述:
goods trainservice table 等。
二、名词定语结构的作用
1.在句中替代形容词或形容词短语定语结构及分词或分词短语定语结构:
country life = rural life
centre parties = central parties
cube sugar = sugar formed in shape of a cube
launch pad = a launching pad
2.在句中代替名词所有格。
relations between consumer and producer countries
= relations between consumers’ and producers’ countries
art circle = art’s circle
3.在句中代替同位语。
This is my school master friend. =This is my friend, a school master.
his bank accountant brother = his brother, a bank accountant.
4.在句中代替介词短语。
a tool box = a box for tools
lunch time = time for lunch
apple seeds = the seeds of apples
5.在句中代替定语从句。
This is my school master friend.= This is my friend who is a school master.
his bank accountant brother = his brother, who is a bank accountant
三、名词定语结构的语法意义
1.名词定语在逻辑上是主体。
factory rules government policiesa department decision
2.在逻辑上表示客体。
a book lover= a person who loves books
a stamp collector= a person who collects stamps
3.表地点。
the Geneva conference
stage life =life on the stage
the Shanghai Communique
4.表时间。
a night shift morning train winter holiday
5.表方式。
a steam boat an air drill a soldier ant
6.表示方面。
a tea merchant a paper shop battle fatigue
7.表来源。
plant fat banana juice a steel bridge a straw hat rubber stamp
8.表目的或用途。
a milk bottle a coffee grinder
9.表所属。
walnut trees an iron ore pear seeds a goat skin
四、复合名词作定语
在平时所见的英文报刊中,常见到许多名词重叠在一起作定语的现象。这种由若干名词重叠在一起作定语的结构,被语法学家称为复合名词作定语结构。这种结构有时分为好几层意思,要确切理解这种结构的意思,有时显得很困难。如果要翻译包含这种结构的名词,不做必要的语法分析,就无法理解其含义,翻译时便无从下手。上面谈到的名词定语的语法意义及作用可以帮助对原文进行正确理解,因此翻译起来才能符合原文的真意。名词定语结构表示的限定意义是较难掌握的。只有反复推敲,对原文做具体的分析,才能较准确地表达原文的意义,如:
December fifth lower house election 十二月五日进行的下院选举。
British Geneva Conference Chairman Richard
日内瓦会议的英国主席依·理查德
a Washington Hilton Hotel gathering
一次在华盛顿希尔顿旅馆举行的集会
the six month oil price freeze suggestion
一项关于为期六个月的石油价格冻结的建议
五、关于名词定语结构的几点说明
1.在无同根形容词的情况下,很多名词都可作定语,此时其作用相当于形容词,起形容词的作用:
名词定语 food industry cotton production
形容词定语 agricultural production chemical industry
若有同根形容词还是用形容词较好,有时两者都可用,但在意义上有差别,用名词作定语强调内容和属性,用形容词或分词强调特征和属性,试比较:
名词作定语
形容词作定语
黄金储备 gold reserve
金色阳光 golden sunshine
艺术界 art circle
艺术水平 artistic level
玫瑰园 rose garden
红红的脸儿 rosy checks
历史教员 history teacher
历史剧 historical play
美术馆 art gallery
艺术效果 artistic effects
2.名词作定语一般用单数形式,但个别情况也有用复数的:
货车 goods train
文科单位 an arts degree
运动会 sports meet
园林处parks department
3.一些起定语作用的名词表示被修饰名词的材料或用途:
名词作定语
形容词作定语
一所木屋 a wood cottage 一篇生译的译文 a wooden version
一枚金质奖章 a gold medal 一个良机 a golden opportunity
一只花盆 a flower pot 华丽的词藻 a flowery wording
4.英语中有些词如:criminal, blind, English等,既是形容词,又是名词,当他们作定语修饰加一个名词的时候,并在词义上两种讲法都成立时,就很难确定它们所属的词类,容易产生歧义。
如:a criminal lawyer 处理事案件的律师,亦可以理解为犯了罪的律师
a blind teacher一位教盲人的教师或者一位盲人教师
an English student 一位学英语的学生或一位英国学生
只有根据上下文,才能判定它们所属的词类,从而了解它们表达的词义,如:
a liquid measure,这里liquid只能是名词,译作液体量器。
5.在新闻报道中,普遍使用由连字符号连接的国名、地名、名人人名作为名词定语。如:
China - Japan diplomatic relations
Japan - U.S trade relations
Washington - Moscow problems
the Churchill - Roosevelt - Stalin meeting
the Beijing - Karachi airline
a North -South dialogue
6.用厂名、商标名作定语有醒目的效果。如:
a Sony recorder
an Underwood typewriter
六、关于名词作状语的问题
名词在句中主要作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语等,名词作状语并不是名词的主要语法作用。但名词作状语也并非罕见,如:
The meeting lasted a hour.
会议开了一个钟头。
有些不及物动词后面可以跟一个名词或名词词组说明动作发生时的状态,如果从意义上讲,依我个人来看,与其把它们看成表语,不如看成状语更合适。
如下面几句:
She left a child and came back a mother of three children.
He came back a changed person.
She suffered a great deal in her life, but died a rich woman.
They parted the best of friends
1.名词或名词词组不加任何语法变化,直接修饰动词分词、形容词、副词,起状语作用,这种结构短语成为名词状语结构。
2.名词状语的语法作用。
A.名词状语结构代替介词短语状语结构。
The Great Wall in world famous.
= The Great Wall is famous in the world.
He is three centimeters taller than his brother.
= He is taller than his brother bythree centimeters.
In 1935 a scientist dived 10330 feet below the ocean’s surface.
= In 1935 a scientist dived below the ocean’s surface to a depth of 10330 feet.
B.名词作状语结构代替状语从句结构。
The steel sheet is paper thin = The steel sheet is as thin as paper.
3.名词状语的语法意义 。
A.表时间、距离、重量、单位或价值。
We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.
Come this way please .
Light travels is 300000 kilometers a second .
The tape recorder weighs 15 kilograms.
The desk calculator costs 2000 yuan.
B.表示程度。
The temperature rose five degrees.
The river is twenty meters deep.
He could not move a step further.
The ground is snow white .
It was pitch dark in the room .
The wire in only roof high as it crossed the yard.
C.表示方式。
如:
a state-run enterprise
a radar-guided Sa - 8 system
The plane is jet propelled.
D.表示地点。
These sewing machines are China made.
China made watches are of fine quality.
七、关于名词状语结构的几点说明
1.表示时间、距离、重量、单位或价值的名词状语,一般与不定冠词或基数词连用。表示时间的名词状语还与代词this、that、every、some,形容词 next last 等连用。在报刊中常用表示时间的词作状语。
From tomorrow on they will come to the training class twice a week.
The trolleybus weighs 12500 kilograms.
The plant has produced 1000 tractors this month.
Every year many foreign friends come to our country for national celebrations.
The foreign guests hoped that they would visit China some day
2.名词常与过去分词连用,表示行为方式。当他们用作状语时,我们将他们看成复合形容词。
The seedlings are machine planted.
They are heat- treated steel plates.
3.名词与一些对感兴趣或对抱有高度热情的意义的形容词用连字符连接,起状语作用。
a tennis - mad boy
a film crazy man
总之,名词定语,名词状语结构是现代汉语上——现代英语中使用很广泛的语法结构,其特点是简单,灵活。有的字面意义比较容易理解,在阅读、教学活动中属于这一类名词定语,名词状语是常见的,比较好办的。而有些则艰深隐诲,只有多方查阅参考书籍,广泛请教,认真阅读上下文,才能弄清楚他们所表达的语言意义。
编辑/高伟
关键词:名词定语 ;名词状语; 结构 作用; 语法意义
一、关于名词定语结构
1.名词不加任何语法变化,直接修饰另一名词,这是常见的语法现象,这一点与汉语十分相象,这种名词作定语修饰另一名词的结构称为名词定语结构。
orange juice 桔汁 power plant 发电厂
time table 时刻表
welcome speech 欢迎词
goods train 货车 service counter 服务台
名词定语作定语时候很多,有些名词与另一名词搭配已成为固定词组,并在日常生活中大量使用,如上述:
goods trainservice table 等。
二、名词定语结构的作用
1.在句中替代形容词或形容词短语定语结构及分词或分词短语定语结构:
country life = rural life
centre parties = central parties
cube sugar = sugar formed in shape of a cube
launch pad = a launching pad
2.在句中代替名词所有格。
relations between consumer and producer countries
= relations between consumers’ and producers’ countries
art circle = art’s circle
3.在句中代替同位语。
This is my school master friend. =This is my friend, a school master.
his bank accountant brother = his brother, a bank accountant.
4.在句中代替介词短语。
a tool box = a box for tools
lunch time = time for lunch
apple seeds = the seeds of apples
5.在句中代替定语从句。
This is my school master friend.= This is my friend who is a school master.
his bank accountant brother = his brother, who is a bank accountant
三、名词定语结构的语法意义
1.名词定语在逻辑上是主体。
factory rules government policiesa department decision
2.在逻辑上表示客体。
a book lover= a person who loves books
a stamp collector= a person who collects stamps
3.表地点。
the Geneva conference
stage life =life on the stage
the Shanghai Communique
4.表时间。
a night shift morning train winter holiday
5.表方式。
a steam boat an air drill a soldier ant
6.表示方面。
a tea merchant a paper shop battle fatigue
7.表来源。
plant fat banana juice a steel bridge a straw hat rubber stamp
8.表目的或用途。
a milk bottle a coffee grinder
9.表所属。
walnut trees an iron ore pear seeds a goat skin
四、复合名词作定语
在平时所见的英文报刊中,常见到许多名词重叠在一起作定语的现象。这种由若干名词重叠在一起作定语的结构,被语法学家称为复合名词作定语结构。这种结构有时分为好几层意思,要确切理解这种结构的意思,有时显得很困难。如果要翻译包含这种结构的名词,不做必要的语法分析,就无法理解其含义,翻译时便无从下手。上面谈到的名词定语的语法意义及作用可以帮助对原文进行正确理解,因此翻译起来才能符合原文的真意。名词定语结构表示的限定意义是较难掌握的。只有反复推敲,对原文做具体的分析,才能较准确地表达原文的意义,如:
December fifth lower house election 十二月五日进行的下院选举。
British Geneva Conference Chairman Richard
日内瓦会议的英国主席依·理查德
a Washington Hilton Hotel gathering
一次在华盛顿希尔顿旅馆举行的集会
the six month oil price freeze suggestion
一项关于为期六个月的石油价格冻结的建议
五、关于名词定语结构的几点说明
1.在无同根形容词的情况下,很多名词都可作定语,此时其作用相当于形容词,起形容词的作用:
名词定语 food industry cotton production
形容词定语 agricultural production chemical industry
若有同根形容词还是用形容词较好,有时两者都可用,但在意义上有差别,用名词作定语强调内容和属性,用形容词或分词强调特征和属性,试比较:
名词作定语
形容词作定语
黄金储备 gold reserve
金色阳光 golden sunshine
艺术界 art circle
艺术水平 artistic level
玫瑰园 rose garden
红红的脸儿 rosy checks
历史教员 history teacher
历史剧 historical play
美术馆 art gallery
艺术效果 artistic effects
2.名词作定语一般用单数形式,但个别情况也有用复数的:
货车 goods train
文科单位 an arts degree
运动会 sports meet
园林处parks department
3.一些起定语作用的名词表示被修饰名词的材料或用途:
名词作定语
形容词作定语
一所木屋 a wood cottage 一篇生译的译文 a wooden version
一枚金质奖章 a gold medal 一个良机 a golden opportunity
一只花盆 a flower pot 华丽的词藻 a flowery wording
4.英语中有些词如:criminal, blind, English等,既是形容词,又是名词,当他们作定语修饰加一个名词的时候,并在词义上两种讲法都成立时,就很难确定它们所属的词类,容易产生歧义。
如:a criminal lawyer 处理事案件的律师,亦可以理解为犯了罪的律师
a blind teacher一位教盲人的教师或者一位盲人教师
an English student 一位学英语的学生或一位英国学生
只有根据上下文,才能判定它们所属的词类,从而了解它们表达的词义,如:
a liquid measure,这里liquid只能是名词,译作液体量器。
5.在新闻报道中,普遍使用由连字符号连接的国名、地名、名人人名作为名词定语。如:
China - Japan diplomatic relations
Japan - U.S trade relations
Washington - Moscow problems
the Churchill - Roosevelt - Stalin meeting
the Beijing - Karachi airline
a North -South dialogue
6.用厂名、商标名作定语有醒目的效果。如:
a Sony recorder
an Underwood typewriter
六、关于名词作状语的问题
名词在句中主要作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语等,名词作状语并不是名词的主要语法作用。但名词作状语也并非罕见,如:
The meeting lasted a hour.
会议开了一个钟头。
有些不及物动词后面可以跟一个名词或名词词组说明动作发生时的状态,如果从意义上讲,依我个人来看,与其把它们看成表语,不如看成状语更合适。
如下面几句:
She left a child and came back a mother of three children.
He came back a changed person.
She suffered a great deal in her life, but died a rich woman.
They parted the best of friends
1.名词或名词词组不加任何语法变化,直接修饰动词分词、形容词、副词,起状语作用,这种结构短语成为名词状语结构。
2.名词状语的语法作用。
A.名词状语结构代替介词短语状语结构。
The Great Wall in world famous.
= The Great Wall is famous in the world.
He is three centimeters taller than his brother.
= He is taller than his brother bythree centimeters.
In 1935 a scientist dived 10330 feet below the ocean’s surface.
= In 1935 a scientist dived below the ocean’s surface to a depth of 10330 feet.
B.名词作状语结构代替状语从句结构。
The steel sheet is paper thin = The steel sheet is as thin as paper.
3.名词状语的语法意义 。
A.表时间、距离、重量、单位或价值。
We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.
Come this way please .
Light travels is 300000 kilometers a second .
The tape recorder weighs 15 kilograms.
The desk calculator costs 2000 yuan.
B.表示程度。
The temperature rose five degrees.
The river is twenty meters deep.
He could not move a step further.
The ground is snow white .
It was pitch dark in the room .
The wire in only roof high as it crossed the yard.
C.表示方式。
如:
a state-run enterprise
a radar-guided Sa - 8 system
The plane is jet propelled.
D.表示地点。
These sewing machines are China made.
China made watches are of fine quality.
七、关于名词状语结构的几点说明
1.表示时间、距离、重量、单位或价值的名词状语,一般与不定冠词或基数词连用。表示时间的名词状语还与代词this、that、every、some,形容词 next last 等连用。在报刊中常用表示时间的词作状语。
From tomorrow on they will come to the training class twice a week.
The trolleybus weighs 12500 kilograms.
The plant has produced 1000 tractors this month.
Every year many foreign friends come to our country for national celebrations.
The foreign guests hoped that they would visit China some day
2.名词常与过去分词连用,表示行为方式。当他们用作状语时,我们将他们看成复合形容词。
The seedlings are machine planted.
They are heat- treated steel plates.
3.名词与一些对感兴趣或对抱有高度热情的意义的形容词用连字符连接,起状语作用。
a tennis - mad boy
a film crazy man
总之,名词定语,名词状语结构是现代汉语上——现代英语中使用很广泛的语法结构,其特点是简单,灵活。有的字面意义比较容易理解,在阅读、教学活动中属于这一类名词定语,名词状语是常见的,比较好办的。而有些则艰深隐诲,只有多方查阅参考书籍,广泛请教,认真阅读上下文,才能弄清楚他们所表达的语言意义。
编辑/高伟