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一、天然除虫菊和拟除虫菊酯的发展除虫菊属于菊科植物,公元前1世纪中国古书“周礼”上已有使用记载。但是作为天然植物性杀虫剂在实际上应用还是在19世纪初开始,那时波斯人发现除虫菊的杀虫活性后,将其制成“波斯粉”出售。以后从高加索和中亚地区传入欧洲。1924年瑞士化学家Standinger和Ruzicka首先对天然除虫菊杀虫组分进行研究,先后经过几十年的工作,1947年才最后弄清除虫菊干花杀虫作用与六种有效成分密切相关,其主要结构为环丙烷羧酸酯类,六种除虫菊有效成分为除虫菊素Ⅰ(PyrethrinⅠ)、除虫菊素Ⅱ(Pyre-thrinⅡ)、瓜叶除虫菊Ⅰ(CinerinⅠ)、瓜叶除虫菌Ⅱ(CinerinⅡ)、茉酮除虫菊素Ⅰ(JasmolinⅠ)和茉酮除虫素Ⅱ(Jas-moLinⅡ)。天然除虫菊对多种害虫具有杀灭作用,是防治卫生害虫蚊、蝇、虱和蚤等理想药剂,击倒率强,对哺乳动物无毒害不污染环境;但接触空气、日光照射易分解不稳定、残效短,因而在农业上不能广泛应用。
First, the development of natural pyrethrins and pyrethroids Pyrethrum belongs to the Compositae, the first century BC Chinese ancient books, “Zhou Li” has been recorded. However, the actual application as a natural phytosanitary pesticide began in the early 19th century when the Persian people discovered the insecticidal activity of pyrethrum and sold it as Persian Powder. Later from the Caucasus and Central Asia into Europe. In 1924, Swiss chemists Standinger and Ruzicka first studied the insecticidal components of natural pyrethrum. After several decades of work, the insecticidal effect of the dried flower of pyrethrum was closely related to the six effective components only after 1947. The main structure was Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid esters and Pyrethrin Ⅰ, Pyrethrin Ⅱ, Cinerin Ⅰ, Cinerin Ⅱ and Pyrethrum pyrrole, Jasmolin I and Jasmoderm II (Jas-moLin II). Natural pyrethrum has a killing effect on a variety of pests, which is an ideal medicine for controlling pests of mosquitoes, flies, lice and fleas and has a high knockdown rate and is non-toxic to mammals and does not pollute the environment. However, when in contact with air, sunlight is easily decomposed and unstable , Short residual effect, which can not be widely used in agriculture.