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一 失业是当今世界普遍存在的问题。人们往往把失业、粮食短缺和生态环境恶化称之为世界面临的三大难题。这三大难题在中国同样存在,只是程度不同而已。与粮食短缺、生态环境恶化相比较,失业问题在中国表现得尤为突出。中国拥有12亿人口,其中8.5亿人口居住在农村。在4.4亿农村劳动力中,农业3.3亿人。根据中国社会科学院农村发展研究所农业剩余劳动力利用与转移课题组研究,在本世纪内,农业只需要2—2.2亿劳动力。这就是说,中国农村目前剩余1亿多劳动力,需要寻求新的就业岗位。然而,中国农业劳动力剩余有其特殊性,他们
Unemployment is a common problem in today’s world. People often call unemployment, food shortages, and the deterioration of the ecological environment the three major problems facing the world. These three major problems also exist in China, but the degree is different. Compared with the shortage of food and the deterioration of the ecological environment, the problem of unemployment has been particularly prominent in China. China has a population of 1.2 billion, of whom 850 million live in rural areas. Among the 440 million rural laborers, 330 million are agricultural. According to the Research Group on the Utilization and Transfer of Surplus Rural Labor of the Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, in this century, agriculture needs only 200-220 million labors. This means that there are currently more than 100 million laborers in rural China and they need to seek new jobs. However, the surplus of China’s agricultural labor force has its own characteristics.