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督抚制度发端于明朝,清承明制。清廷为了加强对地方的控制,在所辖各直省设置总督和巡抚,作为封疆大吏,掌握地方的军政、民政大权。此后逐渐形成总督侧重军政,而巡抚侧重民政,客观上形成了总督分其治于巡抚、巡抚分其治于布、按的省级统治结构。因总督和巡抚既是部院属员,又是地方大员,因此其身份是一身而二任。清代的督抚制度具有突出的“部族政治”特征,即督抚基本为满人担任,清末地方督抚——尤其是汉人督抚的崛起,是在清廷内外交困的情形下不得已的一种既成事实。清末的同治中兴、光绪还都固然督抚功不可没,但最终督抚作为加强中央控制地方的工具,变成了“瓦解”清王朝的重要力量,并对民初的军阀割据产生了重大的影响。
Governor system originated in the Ming Dynasty, Qing Cheng Ming system. In order to strengthen the control over the place, the Qing court set up governors and governors in all the provinces under its jurisdiction as the big captains of the border areas and held the power of military and civil affairs at the local level. Since then, the governor has gradually formed a military and government focus. However, the governor has focused on civil affairs and objectively formed a governor-general to govern the governors and governors at the provincial and provincial levels. Because the governor and the governor are both members of the rank and file and local chiefs, their identities are the same. The governor-ruler system of the Qing Dynasty had the prominent characteristic of “tribal politics”, that is, the governor-general basically served as the Manchus. The rise of local governors and particularly the governors-governors in the late Qing Dynasty was a fait accompli in the Qing court’s internal and external conditions. . In the late Qing Dynasty, the reigns of Tongzhi and Zhaoxu also played an important role in the governor’s reign, but in the end the governors as a tool to strengthen the central control area became an important force that “disintegrated” the Qing dynasty and produced a significant influences.