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弄清农业科学技术史的对象、范围内容、分期和结构体系,是研究农业科学技术史,揭示其发展规律的重要问题。农业科学技术史是研究农业生产手段方法及农业知识理论的历史发展变化规律的科学。农业技术属于农业生产力范畴,它应该包括农业劳动者的技能,农业劳动工具设备和农业劳动对象——农业生物。农业科学知识是人对农业生产技术中物的属性、特点与其生存环境中自然现象相互联系的规律的认识。农业技术是农业科学知识的物化和应用。农业技术与工业技术虽然包括着相同的因素,但在工业生产中,机械设备技术占着主导的决定性的作用。在农业生产中机械设备技术与生物技术占着同样重要的地位。在农业科技史的研究中不仅要注意生产工具的演进和变革,同时要注意生物技术的发展变化。农业科学技术的范围包括生产力的三要素,它的具体内容是:(一)农业生物的种类和品种,(二)农用工具设备,(三)农用土地。(四)栽培饲养技术方法。它与劳动者的操作活动相结合。农业技术是在农业生产领域内符合客观规律运用着物质手段和方法体系,它在历史上形成并不断的变化发展。农业科学技术史的分期,以农业技术的总体特征和技术体系各部分完善程度作为标准。分为原始农业,经验农业和科学农业三个大阶段。大阶段中还应划分小的阶段。农业科学技术史的体系结构不应以农业生产部门划分,应以构成农业技术本身的四大部分来划分。按时间顺序,分类叙述其历史上的变化形态及其相互制约关系。研究方法应是历史和逻辑的统一,克服单纯历史材料的描述和堆积。我国农业科学技术史的研究,在建国以来所取得的成就基础上,目前正在开展系统的完整的农业科学技术史的研究和编写工作。为了更好地总结农业科学技术史发展的规律,有几个重要的理论问题需要解决。现提出个人的一些看法,供大家讨论。
To clarify the object, scope, stage and structure of agricultural science and technology history is an important issue for studying the history of agricultural science and technology and revealing its law of development. The history of agricultural science and technology is a science that studies the law of historical development and change of agricultural production methods and agricultural knowledge theory. Agricultural technologies fall into the category of agricultural productivity and should include the skills of agricultural laborers, agricultural working tools and equipment, and agricultural laborers - agricultural organisms. Agricultural science knowledge is the recognition of the law that human nature, characteristics and natural phenomena in the living environment interrelate in the agricultural production technology. Agricultural technology is the materialization and application of agricultural science knowledge. Agricultural technology and industrial technology include the same factors, but in industrial production, mechanical equipment technology plays a leading and decisive role. Machinery and equipment technology and biotechnology occupy equally important positions in agricultural production. In the history of agricultural science and technology research should not only pay attention to the evolution and transformation of production tools, taking into account the development and changes in biotechnology. The scope of agricultural science and technology includes three elements of productivity. Its specific contents are: (i) types and varieties of agricultural organisms; (ii) agricultural tools and equipment; and (iii) agricultural land. (D) cultivation and breeding techniques and methods. It is combined with the worker’s operating activities. Agricultural technology is the application of material means and methodologies in the field of agricultural production in conformity with objective laws. It has evolved and evolved continuously in history. The staging of the history of agricultural science and technology, taking the overall characteristics of agricultural technology and the degree of perfection of each part of the technical system as the standard. Divided into primitive agriculture, empirical agriculture and science agriculture three major stages. The big stage should also be divided into small stages. The architecture of the history of agricultural science and technology should not be divided by the agricultural production sector, but should be divided by the four major parts that make up agricultural technology itself. In chronological order, classification describes its historical changes and their mutual constraints. The research method should be the unification of history and logic, overcoming the description and accumulation of purely historical material. On the basis of the achievements made in the history of agricultural science and technology in our country since the founding of the People’s Republic, we are now conducting a systematic and complete study and preparation of the history of agricultural science and technology. In order to better summarize the law of the development of agricultural science and technology history, there are several important theoretical issues to be solved. Now put forward some personal views for your discussion.