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本文旨在追溯关贸总协定和贸易服务总协定中有关传媒和文化产品流通的重要国际规则,并讨论争议的焦点。本文认为,在有关传媒和文化表达的国际协定中,最重要的原则是表达自由和多样性。争议聚焦在如何界定并促进多样性。一种观点认为,我们应当珍视并促进的文化多样性是传统的和以民族性为中心的。另一种观点则认为,应将保护和促进个人表达置于文化多样性之上。这些观点并非完全不相容,但确有冲突,尤其当涉及具体的规制类型时。本文认为,单靠解放市场不足以促进广泛的表达多样性,公共政策能纠正市场失灵。将来要做的是强化程序的重要性而不是结果。我们要更多地关注为个体和集体表达创造条件,而不是保护某些特定文化。那些促进传媒和文化多元化的规则应获允许和鼓励,而那些控制和干扰它的规定则应被限制。
The purpose of this paper is to trace the important international rules governing the circulation of media and cultural goods contained in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the General Agreement on Trade and Services and to discuss the focus of the controversy. This paper argues that the most important principle in international agreements on media and cultural expression is freedom of expression and diversity. Disputes focus on how to define and promote diversity. One view is that cultural diversity, which we should value and promote, is traditional and ethnocentric. Another view was that cultural expressions of protection and promotion should be placed above cultural diversity. These perspectives are not totally incompatible, but there are real conflicts, especially when it comes to specific types of regulation. This paper argues that the emancipation of the market alone is not enough to promote a wide range of expression diversity and that public policies can correct market failures. What to do in the future is to reinforce the importance of the program rather than the result. We need to focus more on creating conditions for individual and collective expression than on the protection of certain cultures. The rules that promote pluralism in the media and culture should be allowed and encouraged, and those that control and interfere with it should be limited.