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在西方近代历史上,政治思想与帝国观念有密切联系。约翰·密尔的帝国与殖民地思想全面而深刻地揭示了19世纪英国的帝国统治在自由主义理论框架内是如何被合理化的:通过将社会发展设想为从野蛮到文明的过程,将人类社会置于不同的文明等级之中,并坚持自由权利只有在发达高级的文明阶段才能获得,帝国统治被描述为文明的使命,是发达社会引导不发达社会进入文明阶段的必要途径。然而,密尔后期对殖民者暴力的反思和批判则显示其对帝国文明使命的怀疑,这种对帝国权力滥用的批判又为以后的思想家批评帝国奠定了基础。另外,密尔的帝国观也反映了19世纪欧洲人对“他者”及人类群体之差异性的看法。
In modern Western history, there is a close relationship between political ideas and empire concepts. John Mill’s empire and colonialism fully and profoundly revealed how British imperial rule in the nineteenth century was rationalized within the framework of liberal theory: by envisioning social development as a process from barbarism to civilization, placing human society at home At different levels of civilization, and insisted that the right to freedom can only be obtained during the advanced stage of civilization, the imperial rule is described as the mission of civilization and the necessary way for the developed society to guide underdeveloped society into the stage of civilization. However, Mill’s rethinking and criticizing of the colonialist violence in the later period showed his doubts about the mission of the empire civilization. This critique of the abuse of empire power laid the foundation for future thinkers to criticize the empire. In addition, Mill’s Empire View also reflects the 19th century European view of the differences between the “Other” and human groups.