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一、前言由于小麦的食用经济意义及其较高的谷物单产,它今天已成为西欧最重要的谷类作物。目前,在欧洲共同体国家中,小麦占耕地面积达20％以上,并且还在继续增加。这些国家的软粒(普通)小麦(仅指食用而不包括饲用在内)的自给率约为116％,硬粒小麦约为99％。过去的十年中,小麦的单产持续提高。除了发新的高产品种外,采用现代化的生产方法也起了很大的作用。这些方法包括:肥料的集中和正确的分配、化学矮化剂(生长调节剂)的使用以及适应当地条件的植物保护措施。在这些措施之间与育种上取得的进展之间存在着一种相互关系。一方面,只有在采用新品种的情况下才有可能适宜地利用高氮施肥和其他措施;反过来,高产品种必须施用适量的化肥和适当的保护措施才能充分发挥它们的高产潜力。
I. INTRODUCTION Due to the economic importance of wheat and its higher cereal yields, today it has become the most important cereal crop in Western Europe. At present, wheat accounts for more than 20% of the cultivated area in the countries of the European Community and continues to increase. The self-sufficiency rate of soft-grain (normal) wheat in these countries (food only and not including fodder) is about 116% and for durum wheat about 99%. Over the past decade, yields of wheat have continued to rise. In addition to the new high-yielding varieties, the use of modern production methods also played a significant role. These include: the concentration and correct distribution of fertilizers, the use of chemical dwarfing agents (growth regulators), and plant protection measures adapted to local conditions. There is a correlation between these measures and the progress made in breeding. On the one hand, high nitrogen fertilization and other measures are likely to be used appropriately only with new varieties; in turn, high-yielding varieties must be fertilized with the right amount of fertilizer and appropriately protected to maximize their potential for high yields.