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“爱国者”导弹的发展是近年美军防空思想演变的一个缩影。早在20世纪60年代初,美国为了对付日益发展的空中突防力量所造成的威胁和适应未来复杂作战环境的需要,就已提出发展地面机动的新型中程防空系统的设想,其最初目标是苏联及华约集团的高性能飞机和直升机。随着时间的推移和空中兵器的发展,该设想在执行中几经变更、修改,于1976年5月定为“爱国者”地空导弹武器系统。1982年,承包商雷锡恩公司向陆军交付第一部样机并开始批量生产,1985年正式装备驻联邦德国陆军部队。“爱国者”是美陆军研制的第三代全天候、全空域防空导弹系统。目前“爱国者”导弹已经发展出用于防空的1型和2型,即PAC-1、PAC-2;用于反导/防空的改进2型和3型,即PAC-2+(GEM)、PAC-3。目前部署最广的是“爱国者”PAC-2,该弹长5.3米,弹径0.41米,翼展0.87米,弹重约1000千克。“爱国者”导弹最大飞行速度5～6马赫,68千克重的破片式杀伤战斗部配用无线电近炸引信,杀伤半径20米。导弹系统具有良好的抗干扰能力,单发杀伤概率80%,采用单级高能固体火箭发动机,作战半径最大100千米,最小3千米;作战高度最大24千米,最小30米。该导弹采用四联装箱式倾斜发射架,采用预测命中点的比例导引法,三段复合制导(初始段为程序控制、中段为指令制导、末段为TVM制导)。“爱国者”火力系统单元以连为单位,每连有5～8辆发射车以及指挥车、相控阵雷达载车和发电设备等。其核心是AN/MPQ-53相控阵雷达。该雷达集搜索、跟踪和制导功能于一身,可以对分布在正面120°扇面、高低角0°～+90°空域内的100个目标进行处理,根据威胁程度排出优先顺序,并对其中8个目标进行跟踪,同时制导5枚导弹的中段飞行和用TVM制导体制对3枚导弹进行末段制导,直到这3枚导弹命中3个不同的目标,再转入其它导弹的制导。在1991年的海湾战争中,PAC-2拦截伊拉克“飞毛腿”导弹取得了部分成功,首次向世人证明了“以导反导”的可行性。这以后“爱国者”就成了反导武器的代名词。正是因为其大名在外,也就成为了许多国家和地区防空武器“山寨”的目标,台湾的“天弓”1就是其山寨版的防空导弹。
The development of the “Patriot” missiles is a microcosm of the evolution of the air defense thinking of the U.S. military in recent years. As early as the early 1960s, the United States had proposed the development of a new type of mid-range air defense system for ground maneuvers in response to the threat posed by the growing air strikes and the need to adapt to future complex combat environments. The initial goal was High-performance aircraft and helicopters of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact Group. With the passage of time and the development of air weapons, the concept was modified and amended many times during its implementation and was set as the “Patriot” surface-to-air missile weapon system in May 1976. In 1982, contractor Raytheon delivered the first prototype to the Army and began mass production. In 1985, it officially equipped the German Army Corps in the Federal Republic of Germany. “Patriot ” is the third generation all-weather, all-airspace air defense missile system developed by the U.S. Army. Currently, the Patriot missiles have developed Type 1 and Type 2 for air defense, namely PAC-1 and PAC-2; Improved Type 2 and Type 3 for anti-ballistic missile and air defense, namely PAC-2 + GEM), PAC-3. Currently the most widely deployed is the Patriot PAC-2, which is 5.3 meters long, 0.41 meters in diameter, 0.87 meters in wingspan and weighs about 1,000 kg. “Patriot ” missile maximum flight speed Mach 5 to 6, 68 kilograms of fragment warhead equipped with radio near fuses, killing radius of 20 meters. The missile system has a good anti-interference ability, single-shot kill probability of 80%, using a single-stage high-energy solid rocket motor, the maximum combat radius of 100 km, a minimum of 3 km; maximum combat altitude of 24 km, a minimum of 30 meters. The missile uses a quadruple box-type tilt launcher, using the predicted hit point proportional guidance method, three-section composite guidance (the initial section for the program control, the middle section for the guidance of the instruction, the end of the TVM guidance). “Patriot ” firepower system unit to even as a unit, each with 5-8 launchers and command vehicles, phased array radar vehicles and power generation equipment. Its core is AN / MPQ-53 phased array radar. The radar combines search, tracking and guidance functions to process 100 targets distributed in the frontal 120 ° fan and the 0 ° ~ + 90 ° elevation at low and high angles. According to the degree of threat, priority order is set and 8 of them The target was tracked while the mid-flight of the five missiles was guided and the final guidance of the three missiles was conducted with the TVM guidance system until the three missiles hit three different targets before being diverted to the guidance of other missiles. In the 1991 Gulf War, the PAC-2 intercepted some Iraqi Scud missiles and achieved some success. For the first time, the PAC-2 proved the feasibility of “guiding the enemy through diversion”. After this “Patriot ” has become synonymous with anti-missile weapons. It is precisely because of its name, it has become the target of many “anti-aircraft weapons” in many countries and regions. Taiwan’s “Tian Gong” 1 is its cottage version of its air-defense missiles.