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青霉素以及后来其它抗生素的发现,体现着现代医学的一个重大进步。新的抗菌剂如氨基糖苷类和头孢菌素类抗生素,为人类对细菌及真菌感染的斗争作出了重要的贡献,抗病毒剂则期望在下个十年里出现。然而,抗生素数目的不断增加,亦产生了许多问题。细菌对抗生素的耐药菌株的出现对于医疗事业是正在增加的一个问题,这就需要去继续研制新的抗微生物剂,同时在应用抗生素治疗时必须慎重。当超剂量给药时,许多抗生素能产生不希望有的毒副作用:如氨基糖苷类的耳、肾毒性,氯霉素的骨髓抑制作用,某些早期头孢菌素类的肾毒性作用等。甚至比较地无毒性的药物如青霉素亦可引起昏迷以及在脑脊髓液高浓度时引起惊厥。为了避
The discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics later represents a major advance in modern medicine. New antibacterials such as aminoglycosides and cephalosporins make a significant contribution to the fight against bacterial and fungal infections in humans, and antivirals are expected to emerge in the next decade. However, the ever-increasing number of antibiotics has also created many problems. The emergence of bacterial-to-antibiotic-resistant strains is an increasing problem for the medical profession, requiring continued development of new antimicrobial agents and caution in the application of antibiotic therapy. Many antibiotics have unwanted side effects when administered orally: aminoglycosides, nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression with chloramphenicol, and nephrotoxic effects of some early cephalosporins. Even relatively non-toxic drugs such as penicillin can cause coma and convulsions at high concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid. To avoid it