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讨论了标准热电极在热电偶材料研制、生产和标准化中的作用。介绍了高、低温域常用的标准热电极材料,绝对热电标的建立和发展,以及在研究金属与合金热电性中的应用。自1821年 Seebeck 发现金属中的热电效应以来,人们对热电效应的研究产生了极大的兴趣。特别是1886年 Le Chatelier 研制成实用的铂铑—铂热电偶高温计后,对金属的热电性能的研究不仅在学术界,而且在工程技术中也受到人们广泛的重视。经过整整一个世纪的发展,从液氦温度到3000℃的高温域,热电偶温度计已成为科研、生产和工程技术中最重要的测温手段之一,制造热电偶用的材料也发展成为一类重要的特殊金属材料。长期以来,国内外投入了不少人力物力,从金属的热电性理论、材料到热电偶温度计的应用,进行深入研究和开发。其中,有两个带有基本意义的重要问题值得重视,即标准热电极和绝对热电标。
The role of standard thermode in the development, production and standardization of thermocouple materials is discussed. The standard hot electrode materials commonly used in high and low temperature fields, the establishment and development of absolute thermoelectric targets, and the application in the study of thermoelectric properties of metals and alloys are introduced. Since the discovery of the thermoelectric effect in metals in 1821, Seebeck has drawn great interest in the study of the thermoelectric effect. Especially after Le Chatelier developed the practical platinum-rhodium-platinum thermocouple pyrometer in 1886, the research on the thermoelectric properties of the metal has drawn great attention not only in academia but also in engineering and technology. After a full century of development, the thermocouple thermometer has become one of the most important means of temperature measurement in scientific research, production and engineering. The thermocouple thermocouple materials have also developed into a category Important special metallic materials. For a long time, a lot of manpower and material resources have been invested both at home and abroad. From the thermoelectric theory of metals, the application of materials to the thermocouple thermometer, we have conducted in-depth research and development. Among them, there are two important issues of fundamental importance worthy of attention, namely the standard hot electrode and the absolute thermoelectric label.