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洋地黄糖苷、儿茶酚胺、及高血糖素仍是唯一有重要治疗用途的心脏兴奋剂。现在有很多关于糖苷的代谢、吸收、及排泄、和这与药物产生心脏作用的抗制的报告。这些报告造成对使用负荷量有很大修改。已较清楚确定血清测定在诊断洋地黄中毒的作用,新近的研究已证实使用糖苷可有危险的情况。已进一步叙述儿茶酚胺产生正收缩能作用的路径。在伴有急性排出衰竭性休克的病人,对拟交感神经药为精选药的看法仍有争论。在理论上,多巴胺的作用优于其他儿茶酚胺,用此药的初步临床研究有希望。实验及临床研究结果显示高血糖素的主要作用是在治疗急性排出衰竭中辅助其他药物。在理论上,高血糖素对一些充血性心力衰竭及洋地黄中毒的病人、或对由乙种感受器阻滞药引起心脏毒性的病人可有益处。
Digitalis glycosides, catecholamines, and glucagon remain the only cardiac stimulants of major therapeutic use. There are a lot of reports on the metabolism, absorption, and excretion of glycosides, and this is the antinhibition that produces cardiac effects with drugs. These reports led to a large change in the amount of usage. The role of serum assays in diagnosis of digitalis poisoning has been more clearly established, and recent studies have demonstrated the dangers of using glycosides. Catecholamines have been further described to produce positive systolic pathways. In patients with acute exacerbation of shock, there is still debate about the idea that the sympathomimetic drug is the drug of choice. In theory, dopamine is superior to other catecholamines, promising preliminary clinical studies with this drug. Experimental and clinical studies have shown that the main role of glucagon is to assist other drugs in the treatment of acute excretory failure. In theory, glucagon may be beneficial in some patients with congestive heart failure and digitalis poisoning, or in patients with cardiotoxicity caused by beta blockers.