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斯密试图结合自然法理学和美德伦理学这两大传统来应对商业社会的道德问题。从社会的需要和人性的限制出发,斯密将交换正义的遵循看成商业社会的底线伦理。在斯密看来,仁爱这一原则只能够作为小的共同体的组织原则,而不足以支持商业社会秩序的扩展。相反,交换正义的底线伦理所搭建的社会不仅能够实现普遍的丰裕,而且可以内生出勤勉、友善等美化社会的德性。然而在新的社会形势下,斯密发现:一方面,即便这一底线伦理的践行也需要从个人德性方面获得更多支持;另一方面,正在遭受扭曲的自然自由体系需要得到更高的德性的捍卫。为应对这些问题,斯密对商业社会中公民的道德发出了关于审慎之德的两重呼吁,一重针对普通人,一重针对可能的政治精英。
Smith tried to combine the two traditions of natural jurisprudence and virtue ethics to deal with the moral problems of business society. Starting from the constraints of social needs and human nature, Smith regarded the exchange of justice as the bottom line ethics of business society. In Smith’s opinion, the principle of benevolence can only serve as the organizing principle of a small community and not enough to support the expansion of commercial social order. On the contrary, the society constructed by the bottom line ethics of the exchange of justice can not only achieve universal affluence, but also give birth to diligence and goodwill to beautify the social virtues. However, under the new social situation, Smith found that on the one hand, even this practice of bottom line ethics needs more support from the individual virtue; on the other hand, the system of natural liberties being distorted needs to be higher The morality of the defense. In response to these questions, Smith sent a double call to the morality of civic virtue in the morality of civil society in business society, one against the ordinary and the other against a possible political elite.