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我在讲社会主义社会的经济运行时,先必须解释一下我所说的“社会主义社会”是什么意思。“社会主义”一词一直被滥用和误用,希特勒也自称为“社会主义者”。因此,在讨论社会主义经济如何运行或应该如何运行之前,确切地解释一下“社会主义”这一概念是有必要的。社会主义社会是指在一个社会中,经济活动、特别是生产活动是为了追求人民福利的最大化。关于最大化福利的概念,我将在下面适当的时候进行解释。另一个类似的也是经常与社会主义混淆的概念是集体主义,我们经常把个人或私人经济与集体主义经济相对立。现在,我要澄清的第一个问题就是社会主义经济和集体主义经济之间真正的关系问题。社会主义经济在某些方面大于集体主义经济,而在另一些方面却又小于集体主义经济。集体主义经济是指在一个经济中,生产活动是根据一些公共机构制定的某些目标来确定,并由这些机构来主持。为了某一特殊的目标,它的主持者可以是国家政府、地方政府、也可以是任
When I talk about the economic operation of a socialist society, I must first explain what I mean by “socialist society.” The term “socialism” has been abused and misused, and Hitler also claims to be “a socialist.” Therefore, it is necessary to explain precisely the concept of “socialism” before discussing how or how the socialist economy should function. Socialist society means that in a society, economic activities, especially production activities, are aimed at maximizing people's welfare. As for the concept of maximizing welfare, I will explain it when appropriate below. Another similar concept that is often confused with socialism is collectivism, and we often contrast the individual or private economy with the collectivist economy. Now, the first question I want to clarify is the question of the real relationship between the socialist economy and the collectivist economy. The socialist economy is in some ways bigger than the collectivist economy, but in others it is smaller than the collectivist economy. A collectivist economy means that, in an economy, production activities are determined by certain objectives set by some public agencies and moderated by these agencies. For a particular goal, its host can be a national government, local government, it can be any