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一、导言萨满是一个神经紊乱的(患神经官能症的、患精神病的、患精神分裂症的)人,或者恰恰相反,是一个有天赋的、沉着的和完全有适应能力的人,这个问题正象肯尼迪(1973:1149)所指出的,是最古老的人类学争论之一。实际上,正象R.阿玛荣和L.德拉比(1977:8)所提到的,从19世纪后半期开始对这个问题研究起,就出现了“把萨满教归因于某种病理学的起源和把它的表现形式归结为利用癔病和癫痫病等现象的倾向”。尤其是斯拉夫作家,例如博戈拉兹(1910)和恰普利卡(1914),他们证实萨满教与北极的癔病有联系。奥尔马克斯(1939)发展了这个论点,根据萨满的精神病学程度把北极
I. INTRODUCTION Shaman is a neurotic (neurotic, mentally ill, schizophrenic) person or, on the contrary, a gifted, sedate and fully adaptive person. This The problem, as Kennedy (1973: 1149) points out, is one of the oldest controversies in anthropology. In fact, as mentioned by R. Amarank and L. Debrabi (1977: 8), starting from the second half of the nineteenth century on this issue, there emerged the concept of “attributing shamanism to some kind of disease The origins of Neo-Confucianism and its manifestations boil down to the tendency to use phenomena such as hysteria and epilepsy. ” In particular, Slavic writers such as Bogoraz (1910) and Chapulika (1914) confirm that shamanism is linked to the disease of the Arctic. Ormakes (1939) developed this argument by basing the Arctic psychiatry