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【摘 要】如果企业试图生存和发展，就必须快速建立自己的竞争优势，并持续破坏竞争对手的优势，这就要求它必须持续寻求竞争优势的来源。利用知识和技术资源成为跨国公司获取持续竞争优势成为关键。作为最流行的和最快的方式进行国际扩张，国际合资企业（IJV）已经成为跨国公司对外投资的重要渠道。其中一个重要原因是，国际合资企业的母公司和合资企业子公司比外部市场能够更有效地转移，开发和利用知识和技术。知识转移和获取方法可以提高他们的效率和合资企业，这将成为国际合资企业在日趋激烈的竞争中占据主要位置的要素。本研究利用访谈和问卷调查，通过从员工和管理层合作伙伴以及SSJVs收集数据，致力于发现Sino-Saudi合资企业在位于中国和沙特阿拉伯的石油和石化行业的技术转让（SSJVs）。
【关键词】知识和技术转让;中沙合资企业;合作伙伴关系;石油和石化工业
【Abstract】If companies are trying to survive and prosper，they must perform quickly to establish their own competitive advantage and continue to undermine the advantages of competitors. This requires that it must continue to seek a source of competitive advantage. Using knowledge and technology resources becomes the key of multinational obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage. As one of the most popular and fastest ways for international expansion，international joint ventures （IJV） have become an important channel for multinational companies to invest overseas.One important reason is that the IJV parent company and joint ventures subsidiary shall more effectively transfer，develop and make use of knowledge and technology than the external market. Knowledge transfer and acquisition approach could improve their efficiency and performance of the joint ventures，which will become the key of IJV to win in the increasingly fierce competition.
This research is dedicated to discover the technology transfer in Sino-Saudi joint ventures （SSJVs） in oil and petrochemical industries located in both China and Saudi Arabia. Interviews and questionnaires shall be used to collect data from employees and managements from both partners as well as the SSJVs.
【Keywords】Knowledge and Technology Transfer;Sino-Saudi Joint Ventures;Partnership Relationship; Oil and Petrochemical Industries
作者单位：萨利赫L.Alghamdi，博士，对外经济贸易大学，中国。李春光，教授，对外经济贸易大学，中国。University of International Business & Economics;China
Introduction
Based on the insufficient of existing research，from the perspective of the parent company and the joint ventures，this study will shed light on the following frame and thinking ： factors affecting knowledge and technology transfer-regulatory role of partnership relation-joint ventures transfer performance. In the following，the research will make a comprehensive utilization and combine the mechanism of the joint ventures knowledge transfer process，implementation mechanism and coordination mechanism to guide the joint ventures performance. It is based on an empirical perspective to verify the characteristics of the body of knowledge transfer，knowledge transfer partnership relation to the mechanism of the body of knowledge transfer / acquisition，and verify the impact of the knowledge transfer / acquisition on joint ventures transfer performance. Knowledge and Technology Definition
Knowledge and technology is seen as an important intangible corporate or called intellectual capital，which is different from the current machinery，land，equipment，cash and other tangible assets in the financial statements. Intellectual capital includes human capital，structural capital and customer capital （Petrash，1996）. These are intangible，which can not be seen from the financial statements，but it determines the company's future potential and competitive advantage （Edvinson.and Malone，1997）. UNIDO believes that technology is the sum of knowledge，experience and skills for enterprises aiming at manufacturing one or more products（Darr and Kurtzbery，2000）. Different understandings for knowledge is often combined with the classification of knowledge. Some conclusions can be drawn from the current literature that the standard classifications of knowledge for scholars include the following aspects： the role of knowledge and technology，the degree of difficulty obtainment and transfer of knowledge，knowledge of the attached carrier. Many scholars may also refer to two or more dimensions when compartmentalizing knowledge and technology. For instance，the classification of knowledge and technology of Hedlund （1994） is a combination of two dimensions： the difficulty degree of acquisition or transfer of knowledge as well as the attached carrier of knowledge.
Knowledge and Technology Transfer
The generation and transfer of knowledge and technology is a very significant source for joint ventures to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. Teece （1977） proposes that knowledge and technology transfer could help international enterprises have accumulated valuable knowledge and promote the diffusion of technology，in order to narrow the technology gap between regions. Since then，the research on knowledge and technology transfer has quickly attracted many scholars and practitioners. From the perspective of the micro，systematic modern technology is mainly reflected in the research and development of new technology，as well as the dependence on personnel，equipment，financial support，and many other factors. Systemic lupus of modern technology determines the increasingly complex of international technology transfer process，showing a significant diversification characteristic. First of all，the systemic lupus of modern technology makes the new technology difficult to split，as well as difficult to adaptively transform. This objectively requires that the introduction side of knowledge and technology must consider all aspects of equipment，software，and human resources in the introduction of new technologies to ensure the introduction of digestion and absorption technology. Methodology
We will use both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Interviews about policy making processes with relative higher management shall be taken to collect qualitative information. Questionnaires that include marking system would be used to collect quantitative information.
Interviewees are managers and engineers from SSJV in China （Beijing，Tianjin，Shanghai，and Fujian） and Saudi Arabia （Yumbu ，Jobail，and Dahran）. The secondary data source will come from published articles，business journals，and related studies.
Interviews shall be used to collect comments and grading. Because of the limited number of SSJVs，which may not generate a enough pool of 30 companies，we treat individual employee response as one case and hopefully form one sample which is large enough. All variables are to be tested for significance. The employee’s own characteristics will also be analyzed and documented .
Majority documentary information from contracts，government publications，and hopefully higher management or bureaucrats will be interview to provided first-hand information. This would help to discover the explicit technology. Some quantitative information would also be collected from the questionnaire to determine employee attitude towards policy and their daily operation.
Questionnaire
Relevant variables in the survey questionnaire mainly related to SSJVs basic situation of enterprises，knowledge transfer effectiveness，impact factors and so on. In the survey，the research firstly investigated SSJVs initial time，firm size，industry，respondents duties and grade the actual situation. On the topic of SSJV knowledge transfer affecting factors and knowledge transfer performance，the measurement variables，in addition to a small amount of fill in the blank and multiple choice questions，this study takes 5 Likert Scale Agree，in order to increase the amount of variation of variables and improve discrimination variables. With the principles of 5 Likert Scale Agree，the questionnaire defines the represented meaning of 1-5 scores： 1-5 scores indicate a gradual turn from completely opposed to totally agree，in which 1 represents totally opposed; 3 represents no opinion; 5 represents full agreement. In addition，1-5 scores also indicated a progressive degree turn from very small to very large，in which 1 represents a very small extent; 3 represents general; 5 represents a very large extent. Since the variables in this study are difficult to measure，so the main way to measure variable is the subjective perception. The reason why to make use of this measurement exists in the following aspects： individual measuring questions could generally measure only a narrow concept. Measuring complex phenomenon and research typically requires a plurality of measurement questions of design. Therefore，the dissertation has designed quantities of topic item questionnaire to measure more than one independent variable，dependent variable and moderator variable，in order to improve the reliability and validity. The questionnaires about basic information of SSJV tend to use the enclosed form of multiple-choice questions for the size，industry，enterprise，set up other projects in order to grasp the basic information SSJV. On the basis of the last chapter of the conceptual model，the basic contents of this questionnaire include： （1） basic information about SSJV. It should be noted that，it is wise for the researcher to make full use of the basic questions of information，because sometimes a problem is capable of measuring a variable; （2） the affecting factors of knowledge and technology transfer from the parent company to the joint ventures; （3） moderator variable of knowledge transfer / knowledge acquisition; （4） SSJV transfer performance . Descriptive Analysis
The questionnaire survey has been conducted for a total of four months，which issued a number of 190 questionnaires and recovered 150 copies，with the recovery of 78.9%. Among them，the quantity of valid questionnaires is 105，which involves 37 Sino-Saudi joint ventures study sample. The main content of the questionnaires cover the establishment age，distribution of respondents，the total investment of distribution，industry distribution，job category in the SSJV. What could be seen from these information that the sample distribution joint ventures focused on the energy industry and infrastructure. The establishment age and the total investment （scale） show a roughly normal distribution. Due to the requirements of the questionnaire respondents in corporate are senior management，in which there are 32 copies of the questionnaire are filled by the senior managers of the parent company （accounting for 30.48%），and 73 samples are filled by managers of SSJV （accounting for 69.52%）. Respondents’ working ages are basically a normal distribution，which largely makes sure the accuracy authenticity and reliability of the questionnaire study.
Research Limitations
After the induction and summary of the full research，it must be noted that，although the dissertation completed basic idea of the proposed theory，obtained some important and meaningful conclusions，yet due to the constraints of the author's knowledge structure，research conditions and research capabilities and other objective factors，there are still many shortcomings about Sino-Saudi joint ventures knowledge transfer process in the empirical study，which needs improving and deepening in future research. Limitations of this study include the following：
①With respect to the sample and sampling issues. First of all，the small number of samples. Sample sampling randomness is not enough. Although the author has spent a lot of time and energy on distributing and collecting questionnaires，the number of valid questionnaires is still relatively small. There are differences between knowledge transfer and acquisition，which has been affected by the joint ventures antecedents of knowledge transfer. But due to small number of samples，more variables make barely satisfactory grouping return results. Therefore，the joint ventures age is as a control variable to analyze. Further，since the small sample size，the sample is not enough random sampling. Due to the special nature of the study，the number of companies which are willing to participate in research is relatively small. ②On the variables in the model issues. First of all，in this study，some of the variables，such as the effectiveness of the joint ventures，tacit knowledge have been mostly based on some documents，combined interviews of information，self-designed questionnaire. Reliability and validity of the scale need to be further examined. Secondly，the factors of knowledge transfer in this study are composed of eight factors，which do not take into account other factors that may affect more knowledge transfer，such as knowledge transfer channels factor.
This may cause the presence of omitted variables OLS estimator errors，which affects the accuracy of the estimated value of the variable coefficients. In addition，the research needs to further explore the curve relationship between the knowledge transfer and its effect factor. Thirdly，this study did not consider the impact of other intermediate variables on the effectiveness of knowledge transfer.
Prospects for Future Research
Although the present study explores the relationship between SSJV knowledge transfer antecedents and knowledge transfer，SSJV knowledge transfer performance，yet there is still space in in-depth studies. The author suggests that future research should focus on the following aspects：
①Increasing the sample size，improving the randomness of the sampling and data collection should be from multi-channel. In future studies，researchers should spend more time and effort on taking a more effective manner and ways in the wider region to gather more questionnaires，taking a more random sampling method to increase the sample size，allowing the sample to have better representation.
②Repeating measuring the reliability and validity of the scale，depth-exploring the relationship between the antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer and enriching research models. Firstly，in reality，knowledge transfer will also be affected by many other factors. Therefore，future researchers should research more and more cases or empirical researches to explore the different factors that affect the parent companies and joint ventures between in order to compensate for the lack of this study. In addition，the relationship between antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer may be curvilinear. For example，with the increase in the number of relationships，at the same time，to maintain these relationships may affect the quality of inter-organizational knowledge transfer. Therefore，future research should focus on whether the antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer curve relationship exist. In addition，the main conceptual model of this study analyzed the influence of independent variables on intermediate variables，intermediate variables influence on the dependent variable，the lack of mediating variables and analyze the role of the manipulated variable. Future researches may consider mediating roles or regulations，in order to enrich the content of the model to enhance the applicability and explanatory models. ③Expanding the scope of the study. This study only considers the relationship between knowledge transfer venture in Chinese parent companies and the foreign parent companies. In fact，JV is involved in a bigger，broader network. This network is composed by suppliers，distributors，and other public agencies and other partners. Similarly，the multinational parent company and the parent company are also involved in local businesses，subsidiaries and partners worldwide. Therefore，future studies consider both sides Network （knowledge networks and knowledge sender recipient network） of the parent company，as the source of knowledge transfer network of multinational companies，as well as the transfer of knowledge and so on enterprise groups.
References
[1]Petrash，G.1996，Doo’s Journal to a know]edge value management culture.European Management Journal.14（4）：365，373
[2]Edvinson.L.and Malone，M.S.1997，Intellectual capital：Realizing your company's true value by finding its hidden brainpower. New York：Harper Business
[3]Darr.E.D，and Kurtzbery，T.R.2000，An investigation of partner similarity dimensions on knowledge transfer.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes，82（l）：28-44
[4]Hedlund，G.1994，A mode of knowledge management and the N-form corporation.Strategic Management Journal15（52）：73-90
[5]Teece，D.J.1977，Technology transfer by multinational firms： The resource costs of transferring technological know-how.Economic Journal，87（346）：242-261
[6]Simonin，B.L.1997，The importance of developing collaborative know-how：An empirical test of the learning organization.Academy of Management Journal，40（5）：1150-1174
[7]Polanyi，M.1966，The tacit dimension.Garden City，NY：Doubleday
作者简介：Saleh L.Alghamdi，PhD，University of International Business & Economics，China.
Chunguang Ma，professor，University of International Business & Economics，China.
【关键词】知识和技术转让;中沙合资企业;合作伙伴关系;石油和石化工业
【Abstract】If companies are trying to survive and prosper，they must perform quickly to establish their own competitive advantage and continue to undermine the advantages of competitors. This requires that it must continue to seek a source of competitive advantage. Using knowledge and technology resources becomes the key of multinational obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage. As one of the most popular and fastest ways for international expansion，international joint ventures （IJV） have become an important channel for multinational companies to invest overseas.One important reason is that the IJV parent company and joint ventures subsidiary shall more effectively transfer，develop and make use of knowledge and technology than the external market. Knowledge transfer and acquisition approach could improve their efficiency and performance of the joint ventures，which will become the key of IJV to win in the increasingly fierce competition.
This research is dedicated to discover the technology transfer in Sino-Saudi joint ventures （SSJVs） in oil and petrochemical industries located in both China and Saudi Arabia. Interviews and questionnaires shall be used to collect data from employees and managements from both partners as well as the SSJVs.
【Keywords】Knowledge and Technology Transfer;Sino-Saudi Joint Ventures;Partnership Relationship; Oil and Petrochemical Industries
作者单位：萨利赫L.Alghamdi，博士，对外经济贸易大学，中国。李春光，教授，对外经济贸易大学，中国。University of International Business & Economics;China
Introduction
Based on the insufficient of existing research，from the perspective of the parent company and the joint ventures，this study will shed light on the following frame and thinking ： factors affecting knowledge and technology transfer-regulatory role of partnership relation-joint ventures transfer performance. In the following，the research will make a comprehensive utilization and combine the mechanism of the joint ventures knowledge transfer process，implementation mechanism and coordination mechanism to guide the joint ventures performance. It is based on an empirical perspective to verify the characteristics of the body of knowledge transfer，knowledge transfer partnership relation to the mechanism of the body of knowledge transfer / acquisition，and verify the impact of the knowledge transfer / acquisition on joint ventures transfer performance. Knowledge and Technology Definition
Knowledge and technology is seen as an important intangible corporate or called intellectual capital，which is different from the current machinery，land，equipment，cash and other tangible assets in the financial statements. Intellectual capital includes human capital，structural capital and customer capital （Petrash，1996）. These are intangible，which can not be seen from the financial statements，but it determines the company's future potential and competitive advantage （Edvinson.and Malone，1997）. UNIDO believes that technology is the sum of knowledge，experience and skills for enterprises aiming at manufacturing one or more products（Darr and Kurtzbery，2000）. Different understandings for knowledge is often combined with the classification of knowledge. Some conclusions can be drawn from the current literature that the standard classifications of knowledge for scholars include the following aspects： the role of knowledge and technology，the degree of difficulty obtainment and transfer of knowledge，knowledge of the attached carrier. Many scholars may also refer to two or more dimensions when compartmentalizing knowledge and technology. For instance，the classification of knowledge and technology of Hedlund （1994） is a combination of two dimensions： the difficulty degree of acquisition or transfer of knowledge as well as the attached carrier of knowledge.
Knowledge and Technology Transfer
The generation and transfer of knowledge and technology is a very significant source for joint ventures to obtain a sustainable competitive advantage. Teece （1977） proposes that knowledge and technology transfer could help international enterprises have accumulated valuable knowledge and promote the diffusion of technology，in order to narrow the technology gap between regions. Since then，the research on knowledge and technology transfer has quickly attracted many scholars and practitioners. From the perspective of the micro，systematic modern technology is mainly reflected in the research and development of new technology，as well as the dependence on personnel，equipment，financial support，and many other factors. Systemic lupus of modern technology determines the increasingly complex of international technology transfer process，showing a significant diversification characteristic. First of all，the systemic lupus of modern technology makes the new technology difficult to split，as well as difficult to adaptively transform. This objectively requires that the introduction side of knowledge and technology must consider all aspects of equipment，software，and human resources in the introduction of new technologies to ensure the introduction of digestion and absorption technology. Methodology
We will use both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Interviews about policy making processes with relative higher management shall be taken to collect qualitative information. Questionnaires that include marking system would be used to collect quantitative information.
Interviewees are managers and engineers from SSJV in China （Beijing，Tianjin，Shanghai，and Fujian） and Saudi Arabia （Yumbu ，Jobail，and Dahran）. The secondary data source will come from published articles，business journals，and related studies.
Interviews shall be used to collect comments and grading. Because of the limited number of SSJVs，which may not generate a enough pool of 30 companies，we treat individual employee response as one case and hopefully form one sample which is large enough. All variables are to be tested for significance. The employee’s own characteristics will also be analyzed and documented .
Majority documentary information from contracts，government publications，and hopefully higher management or bureaucrats will be interview to provided first-hand information. This would help to discover the explicit technology. Some quantitative information would also be collected from the questionnaire to determine employee attitude towards policy and their daily operation.
Questionnaire
Relevant variables in the survey questionnaire mainly related to SSJVs basic situation of enterprises，knowledge transfer effectiveness，impact factors and so on. In the survey，the research firstly investigated SSJVs initial time，firm size，industry，respondents duties and grade the actual situation. On the topic of SSJV knowledge transfer affecting factors and knowledge transfer performance，the measurement variables，in addition to a small amount of fill in the blank and multiple choice questions，this study takes 5 Likert Scale Agree，in order to increase the amount of variation of variables and improve discrimination variables. With the principles of 5 Likert Scale Agree，the questionnaire defines the represented meaning of 1-5 scores： 1-5 scores indicate a gradual turn from completely opposed to totally agree，in which 1 represents totally opposed; 3 represents no opinion; 5 represents full agreement. In addition，1-5 scores also indicated a progressive degree turn from very small to very large，in which 1 represents a very small extent; 3 represents general; 5 represents a very large extent. Since the variables in this study are difficult to measure，so the main way to measure variable is the subjective perception. The reason why to make use of this measurement exists in the following aspects： individual measuring questions could generally measure only a narrow concept. Measuring complex phenomenon and research typically requires a plurality of measurement questions of design. Therefore，the dissertation has designed quantities of topic item questionnaire to measure more than one independent variable，dependent variable and moderator variable，in order to improve the reliability and validity. The questionnaires about basic information of SSJV tend to use the enclosed form of multiple-choice questions for the size，industry，enterprise，set up other projects in order to grasp the basic information SSJV. On the basis of the last chapter of the conceptual model，the basic contents of this questionnaire include： （1） basic information about SSJV. It should be noted that，it is wise for the researcher to make full use of the basic questions of information，because sometimes a problem is capable of measuring a variable; （2） the affecting factors of knowledge and technology transfer from the parent company to the joint ventures; （3） moderator variable of knowledge transfer / knowledge acquisition; （4） SSJV transfer performance . Descriptive Analysis
The questionnaire survey has been conducted for a total of four months，which issued a number of 190 questionnaires and recovered 150 copies，with the recovery of 78.9%. Among them，the quantity of valid questionnaires is 105，which involves 37 Sino-Saudi joint ventures study sample. The main content of the questionnaires cover the establishment age，distribution of respondents，the total investment of distribution，industry distribution，job category in the SSJV. What could be seen from these information that the sample distribution joint ventures focused on the energy industry and infrastructure. The establishment age and the total investment （scale） show a roughly normal distribution. Due to the requirements of the questionnaire respondents in corporate are senior management，in which there are 32 copies of the questionnaire are filled by the senior managers of the parent company （accounting for 30.48%），and 73 samples are filled by managers of SSJV （accounting for 69.52%）. Respondents’ working ages are basically a normal distribution，which largely makes sure the accuracy authenticity and reliability of the questionnaire study.
Research Limitations
After the induction and summary of the full research，it must be noted that，although the dissertation completed basic idea of the proposed theory，obtained some important and meaningful conclusions，yet due to the constraints of the author's knowledge structure，research conditions and research capabilities and other objective factors，there are still many shortcomings about Sino-Saudi joint ventures knowledge transfer process in the empirical study，which needs improving and deepening in future research. Limitations of this study include the following：
①With respect to the sample and sampling issues. First of all，the small number of samples. Sample sampling randomness is not enough. Although the author has spent a lot of time and energy on distributing and collecting questionnaires，the number of valid questionnaires is still relatively small. There are differences between knowledge transfer and acquisition，which has been affected by the joint ventures antecedents of knowledge transfer. But due to small number of samples，more variables make barely satisfactory grouping return results. Therefore，the joint ventures age is as a control variable to analyze. Further，since the small sample size，the sample is not enough random sampling. Due to the special nature of the study，the number of companies which are willing to participate in research is relatively small. ②On the variables in the model issues. First of all，in this study，some of the variables，such as the effectiveness of the joint ventures，tacit knowledge have been mostly based on some documents，combined interviews of information，self-designed questionnaire. Reliability and validity of the scale need to be further examined. Secondly，the factors of knowledge transfer in this study are composed of eight factors，which do not take into account other factors that may affect more knowledge transfer，such as knowledge transfer channels factor.
This may cause the presence of omitted variables OLS estimator errors，which affects the accuracy of the estimated value of the variable coefficients. In addition，the research needs to further explore the curve relationship between the knowledge transfer and its effect factor. Thirdly，this study did not consider the impact of other intermediate variables on the effectiveness of knowledge transfer.
Prospects for Future Research
Although the present study explores the relationship between SSJV knowledge transfer antecedents and knowledge transfer，SSJV knowledge transfer performance，yet there is still space in in-depth studies. The author suggests that future research should focus on the following aspects：
①Increasing the sample size，improving the randomness of the sampling and data collection should be from multi-channel. In future studies，researchers should spend more time and effort on taking a more effective manner and ways in the wider region to gather more questionnaires，taking a more random sampling method to increase the sample size，allowing the sample to have better representation.
②Repeating measuring the reliability and validity of the scale，depth-exploring the relationship between the antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer and enriching research models. Firstly，in reality，knowledge transfer will also be affected by many other factors. Therefore，future researchers should research more and more cases or empirical researches to explore the different factors that affect the parent companies and joint ventures between in order to compensate for the lack of this study. In addition，the relationship between antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer may be curvilinear. For example，with the increase in the number of relationships，at the same time，to maintain these relationships may affect the quality of inter-organizational knowledge transfer. Therefore，future research should focus on whether the antecedents of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer curve relationship exist. In addition，the main conceptual model of this study analyzed the influence of independent variables on intermediate variables，intermediate variables influence on the dependent variable，the lack of mediating variables and analyze the role of the manipulated variable. Future researches may consider mediating roles or regulations，in order to enrich the content of the model to enhance the applicability and explanatory models. ③Expanding the scope of the study. This study only considers the relationship between knowledge transfer venture in Chinese parent companies and the foreign parent companies. In fact，JV is involved in a bigger，broader network. This network is composed by suppliers，distributors，and other public agencies and other partners. Similarly，the multinational parent company and the parent company are also involved in local businesses，subsidiaries and partners worldwide. Therefore，future studies consider both sides Network （knowledge networks and knowledge sender recipient network） of the parent company，as the source of knowledge transfer network of multinational companies，as well as the transfer of knowledge and so on enterprise groups.
References
[1]Petrash，G.1996，Doo’s Journal to a know]edge value management culture.European Management Journal.14（4）：365，373
[2]Edvinson.L.and Malone，M.S.1997，Intellectual capital：Realizing your company's true value by finding its hidden brainpower. New York：Harper Business
[3]Darr.E.D，and Kurtzbery，T.R.2000，An investigation of partner similarity dimensions on knowledge transfer.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes，82（l）：28-44
[4]Hedlund，G.1994，A mode of knowledge management and the N-form corporation.Strategic Management Journal15（52）：73-90
[5]Teece，D.J.1977，Technology transfer by multinational firms： The resource costs of transferring technological know-how.Economic Journal，87（346）：242-261
[6]Simonin，B.L.1997，The importance of developing collaborative know-how：An empirical test of the learning organization.Academy of Management Journal，40（5）：1150-1174
[7]Polanyi，M.1966，The tacit dimension.Garden City，NY：Doubleday
作者简介：Saleh L.Alghamdi，PhD，University of International Business & Economics，China.
Chunguang Ma，professor，University of International Business & Economics，China.