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清代的对日贸易也常被称作洋铜贸易。洋铜即日本铜,由于清朝对进口铜材的迫切需要,洋铜的采办一直受到高度重视并被置于国家政策的管控之下。尽管洋铜进口对国家铸币关系重大,但自清初以来,办铜政策本身却是屡经周折,改废不定,直到乾隆初年才确立了以官商和民商(即额商,以下均称额商)并举的办法,制度上走向稳定,并在此后维持了一百多年。本文着重运用档案记载,同时综合其他文献,对清代洋铜贸易体制中额商集团的形成及其活动状况试作探讨。
The trade with Japan in the Qing Dynasty was also often referred to as the foreign copper trade. Copper, the Japanese copper, has been highly valued and placed under the control of national policies due to the imperative need for imported copper in the Qing Dynasty. Although the import of foreign bronze coins has a great bearing on national mintage, since the beginning of the Qing dynasty, the policy of running the copper itself has suffered repeated twists and turns and was abolished until the early years of Qianlong Business) both ways, to stabilize the system, and thereafter maintained for more than 100 years. This article focuses on the use of archival records, combined with other documents, the formation of Qing Dynasty foreign trade in the formation of the trading system and the status of its activities on the trial discussion.