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The deposition of surface(farinose)fiavonoids on aerial parts of some Primula species is a well-documented but poorly understood phenomenon.Here,we show thatfiavonoid deposition on the leaves and winter buds may contribute strongly to preventing freezing damage in these plants.The ice nucleation temperature of fairy primrose(Primula malacoides)leaves covered with naturalfiavone was approximately 6°C lower compared to those that had theirfiavone artificially removed.Additionally,farinosefiavonoids on the leaves reduced subsequent electrolyte leakage(EL)from the cells exposed to freezing temperatures.Interestingly,exogenous application offiavone at4 mg/g fresh weight to P.malacoides leaves,which had the originalfiavone mechanically removed,restored freezing tolerance,and diminished EL from the cells to pretreatment values.Our results suggest that farinosefiavonoids may function as mediators of freezing tolerance in P.malacoides,and exogenous application offiavone could be used to reduce freezing damage during sudden but predictable frost events in other plant species.
The deposition of surface (farinose) fiavonoids on aerial parts of some Primula species is a well-documented but poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we show that fiavonoid deposition on the leaves and winter buds may contribute strongly to preventing freezing damage in these plants. The ice nucleation temperature of fairy primrose (Primula malacoides) leaves covered with naturalfiavone was approximately 6 ° C lower compared to those that had theirfiavone artificially removed. Additionally, farinosefiavonoids on the leaves reduced subsequent electrolyte leakage (EL) from the cells exposed to freezing temperatures.Interestingly , exogenous application offiavone at 4 mg / g fresh weight to P. malacoides leaves, which had the originalfiavone mechanically removed, restored freezing tolerance, and diminished EL from the cells to pretreatment values. Our results suggest that farinosefiavonoids may function as mediators of freezing tolerance in P. malacoides, and exogenous application offiavone could be used to reduce freezing damage during sudden but predictable frost events in other plant species.