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大部分社会科学家假定,当人们扮演公民、政治家和公务员等公共角色时,他们要么服务于自己的私利,要么服务于公共利益。这种动机式区分方式导致了在关于制度设计的传统规范辩论中的二分法,即主要关注市场与国家任务的合理划分。本文着重描述了不属于这种动机式和制度性二分法的情形。由于强烈互惠动机的普遍存在,共同体的重要性在现代社会的制度设计中展现出来。事实上,一些非正式的社会规范会引导人们自发地遵循社会所赞许的行为,大多数人愿意为遵循或坚持这些规范而付出一定代价,而关于制度和政策问题的思考也应将其纳入考虑范围之内。
Most social scientists assume that when people act as public actors such as citizens, politicians and civil servants, they serve either their private interests or the public interest. This motivational differentiation led to the dichotomy in the traditional normative debate on institutional design, which focused primarily on the rational division of market and national tasks. This article highlights situations that are not part of this motivational and institutional dichotomy. Due to the prevalence of strong reciprocal motives, the importance of the community is demonstrated in the institutional design of modern society. In fact, some informal social norms will guide people to spontaneously follow the community’s approval of behavior, most people are willing to adhere to or adhere to these norms to pay a price, and on the system and policy issues should also be taken into consideration Within the scope.