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借代和借喻是修辞学中两种较为难辨的修辞法。下面选用一些典型的例子同大家探讨。要区别这两种关系,必须先分析它们各自的表现方式:借代,舍去事物的本体名称,借用另外事物代替本体事物,把本体事物改换说法。这就是借代。例: ①李大个子不在家,刘德立媳妇代他挑了一个灰不溜的白骟马,拴到他的马圈里。 (周立波:《分马》) ②他走近柜台,从腰间伸出手来,满把是银的和铜的,在柜上一扔说,“现钱!打酒来!” (鲁迅:《阿Q正传》) 上面例①“李大个子”是借用人的特征;例②“银的和铜的”指的是银元和铜板。借喻,是比喻中的一种,它不说出本体,只直接把做比喻的事物(喻体)借过来代替本体。例如。③我似乎打了一个寒噤;我就知道,我们之间已经隔了一层可悲的厚障壁了。 (鲁迅:《故乡》) ④断头今日意如何?创业艰难百战多。此去泉台招旧部,旌旗十万斩阎罗。 (陈毅:《梅岭三章》) 上面例③的“厚障壁”是比喻“我”和闰土间产生的隔阂。例④的“阎罗”比喻反动派的头子
Metonymy and metaphor are two more difficult rhetoric methods in rhetoric. Here are some typical examples to discuss with you. To distinguish between these two kinds of relationship, we must first analyze their respective ways of expression: borrowing, giving up the ontological name of things, borrowing other things instead of ontological things, and changing ontological things. This is an excuse. Example: 1 Big man Li is not at home, and Liu Deli’s wife picks up a gray-white horse and picks it up in his lap. (Zhou Libo: “Split Horse”) 2 He approached the counter and reached out from his waist. He was full of silver and copper. He flung on the counter and said, “Present money! Beat wine!” (Lu Xun: “Ah Q The story of ”li big man“ in Example 1 above is the characteristics of the borrower; Example 2 ”silver and copper“ refers to the silver dollar and copper plate. Metaphorical is a kind of metaphor. It does not speak the ontology, but directly replaces the body with the metaphorical object (figurative body). E.g. 3 I seem to have played a cold greeting; I knew that we had a sad thick barrier between us. (Lu Xun: ”Hometown“) 4 How to break the head? How difficult is it to start a business? This goes to Quantai’s old part of the city, which has a flagship of 100,000. (Chen Yi: ”Meiling III“) The ”thick barrier“ in Example 3 above is a metaphor for the ”I“ and the earth. Example 4’s ”Ji Luo" metaphorized the leader of the reactionaries