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Objective:To study the survival and ability of inducing axonal regeneration of the Schwann cells after the peripheral nerve being grafted into spinal cord. Methods:A total of 30 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into the VN (vascularized peripheral nerve) and PN (peripheral nerve) groups. A 5-mm spinal cord defect of the left posterior column was made at the T1-3 vertebral level. The defect was grafted with the vascularized or isolated peripheral nerve respectively. The survival and proliferation of the Schwann cells were assessed by histological and morphometric analysis 8 weeks after the operation. Results:In the VN group, the peripheral nerve grew into the cord with lots of Schwann cells survived and proliferated, and had more NF and S-100 positive fibers than in the PN group. Conclusion:The vascularized peripheral nerve enhances the survival and proliferation of the Schwann cells and prompts the regeneration of injured axon of the central nerve system to certain degree.