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Objective:To observe the protective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) pretreatment on cardiac myocyte with hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and the role of NF-κB in this effects. Methods:After the H/R model of cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats was established, the cultured cardiac myocytes were divided into 4 groups, including EPO pretreatment group ( EPO 10 U/ml 24 h before H/R), EPO pretreatment + PDTC group( EPO 10 U/ml and PDTC 5 μg/ml 24 h before H/R), PDTC group (PDTC 5 μg /ml 24 h before H/R) and control group. Before and after the H/R, assay of LDH concentration in the culture medium, the survival rate of the myocytes tested by MTT chromatometry and the apoptosis by flow cytometry were undertaken. Activation of NF-κB was determined by EMSA before and after H/R. Results:EPO pretreatment markedly reduced the LDH concentration in the medium, elevated the survival rate of myocytes and inhibited the apoptosis after H/R. Addition of PDTC during the pretreatment abolished the protective effects of EPO pretreatment. NF-κB was markedly activated during EPO pretreatment and PDTC inhibited the activation. However, after H/R, the activity of NF-κB in myocytes with EPO pretreatment was significantly inhibited compared to the other myocytes. Conclusion:NF-κB is significantly activated during EPO pretreatment, but is inhibited after H/R, which is correlated with the protective effects of EPO pretreatment on cardiac myocytes with H/R. This phenomenon can be explained as the negative feedback mechanism of the activation of NF-κB.