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认真探讨长期处于国家政治中心和文化中心地位的北京及其周围地区人口变迁的历史过程具有重要的学术价值和实践意义。而清代至民国三百年是北京地区人口发展的重要时期。这一时期人口的连续发展为解放后北京地区人口的增长奠定了基础,产生了直接而深刻的影响。 本文根据清代人口编审的典章制度,在研究北京地区人口地域构成的基础上,以城区为重点、分别探讨了州县、内城及城属和外城不同时期的人口规模。又根据民国年间的户口调查制度,探讨了该时期的人口规模。从而揭示了三百年间北京地区人口演变的过程和人口增长的加速性质,提出了北京旧城区的人口在清初和清末至民国年间以迁移增长为主的见解,同时澄清了对北京人口规模的某些误解。然后对不同时期的人口地理分布进行了对比分析,指出了区域人口具有以城区为中心,由密变疏依次形成的不规则环状(半环状)分布的特点以及形成这种特点的经济、社会历史和自然环境根源。 本文还注意到对入关之后八旗人口变迁过程的研究,列出了清代中期政府为解决八旗人口膨胀造成的压力而采取的六项措施及其利弊得失。同时也讨论了清代前、中期限制外城人口迁移增长的政策,对外城人口发展的阻滞作作。这些初步的研究成果对研究今天北京地区的人口地理具有一定的参考价值。
It is of academic and practical significance to seriously investigate the historical process of population changes in Beijing and its surrounding areas, which have long been at the center of the country’s political and cultural centers. The three hundred years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China were an important period of population development in Beijing. The continuous development of population during this period laid the foundation for the population growth in Beijing after the liberation, which had a direct and profound impact. Based on the study of the regional structure of population in Beijing and the urban area, this paper discusses the population scale of different counties in the county, inner city and city and outer city respectively. In the light of the household registration system during the Republic of China, the population size of this period was also explored. Which reveals the process of population evolution in Beijing during the three hundred years and the accelerating nature of population growth. It puts forward the opinion that the population in Beijing’s Old Urban Area is mainly relocated during the early Qing Dynasty and the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and at the same time, Some misunderstandings. Then, the author analyzes the geographical distribution of the population in different periods and points out that the regional population has the characteristics of irregular ring (semi-ring) Social history and natural environment roots. This article also notices the process of demographic transition in Baqi County after its entry into the WTO. It lists six measures adopted by the government in the mid-Qing Dynasty to address the pressure caused by the expansion of the population in Baqi County, as well as its pros and cons. At the same time, it also discussed the policy of restricting the migration and growth of the outside cities in the pre- and mid-Qing dynasties and blocked the development of the population in the outer cities. These preliminary findings have some reference value for studying the population geography in Beijing today.