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1.前言 无损地测定实际构件的残余应力,对于预测构件疲劳强度储备情况,检查热处理及表面强化处理工艺效果,控制构件切削加工工艺及检查消除应力工艺的效果等具有很大意义。目前,绝大多数残余应力测定方法对工件均有一定损伤,甚至完全破坏,只有X射线法、磁性法和超声法能无损测定残余应力。X射线法虽然理论较完善,但因仪器复杂,价格昂贵,对人体有伤害且穿透深度有限,仅能无损测定表面应力,其应用受到很大限制。磁性法和超声法测残余应力的有关问题各国正在大力研究中。尤其是超声法,由于具有无损、对人体无
1. Foreword Non-destructive determination of the residual stresses in real components is of great significance for predicting the components’ fatigue strength reserves, checking the effects of heat treatment and surface hardening, controlling the machining of components and checking the effectiveness of the stress relief process. At present, most residual stress measurement methods have some damage to the workpiece or even completely destroyed. Only the X-ray method, the magnetic method and the ultrasonic method can determine the residual stress non-destructively. Though the theory of X-ray is perfect, its application is limited due to the complicated and expensive instruments, the damage to the human body and the limited penetration depth, which can only determine the surface stress non-destructively. Magnetic methods and ultrasonic residual stress measurement of the relevant issues are being vigorously studied in various countries. Especially the ultrasonic method, due to non-destructive, no human body