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随着国家的产生,以出谋划策为主要社会职能的智囊人物,便成为统治集团重要的组成部分。春秋战国以降,几乎所有的政权更迭、军事冲突、外交斗争和社会改革,都有智囊人物活跃其间。随着人类社会的不断发展和国家管理的日趋复杂,作为决策者“外脑”的智囊团呈现日渐兴盛的发展势头。本文对传统智囊的基本功能与具体效应;制约条件与运筹方式;素质特点与地位待遇作了考察。指出,为少数剥削阶级代表人物服务的传统智囊,其运筹方式是经验的、直观的。在专制政治的条件下,其作用不能不受到很大局限。然而,考察传统智囊,对于我们今天探索如何开发、建设和使用智力系统,提高决策水平,实现科学决策,仍有很大价值。
With the emergence of the state, think tanks whose main social functions are giving advice and planning become an important part of the ruling group. During the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Period, almost all political regimes changed, military conflicts, diplomatic struggles and social reforms witnessed an active think tank. With the continuous development of human society and the ever-increasing complexity of state administration, the think tank as the “brain of policy makers” is showing a flourishing momentum of development. This article examines the basic functions and specific effects of traditional think tanks, constraints and operational methods, quality characteristics and status and treatment. Pointed out that the traditional think tanks serving the representatives of the few exploitative classes are experienced and intuitive in their methods of operation. Under the condition of authoritarian politics, its role can not but be greatly limited. However, examining traditional think tanks is still of great value to us today in exploring ways to develop, build and use intellectual systems, improve decision-making levels and make scientific decisions.