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马克思在批判费尔巴哈机械唯物主义时指出:旧唯物主义的主要缺点在于“对事物、现实、感性,只是从客观的或者直观的形式去理解,而不是把它们当作人的感性活动,当作实践去理解,不是从主观方面去理解.”①任何文学和艺术产品,当然都不外是社会生活的反映,但艺术并非照搬生活,它是艺术家主观心灵对现实积极加工的结果.在中国哲学史上,道家在精神自由上的提倡影响到艺术理论远超过儒家.因为儒家所重视的是艺术与现实伦理、政治的实用关系,它把艺术看作载道、明道、美刺、教化的工具以实现其正风俗、厚人伦、成教化的道德目的,提倡温柔敦厚的诗教,于是就把一切不符合纲常名教的人类情感排斥在艺术大门之外,而道家则注重个体精神的自然的自由,倡导主体价值的实现和自由情感的抒发,畅所欲言,独抒性灵.“诚”,即内在的自然真实,是道家尊重主体情感的具体表现.“真者,精诚之至也.不精不诚,不能动人,故强哭者虽悲不哀,强怒者虽严不威,强亲者虽笑不和.真悲无声而哀,真怒未发而威,真亲未笑而和.真在内者,神动于外,是所以贵真也”.(《庄子·渔父》)成玄英注曰:“夫真者不伪、精者不杂,诚者不矫也,故矫情伪性者,不能动于人也.”在艺术上,只有真实地而非虚矫地、充分地而不是扭曲地抒发情感,倾泄胸臆、表现性灵,才?
In criticizing Feuerbach’s mechanical materialism, Marx pointed out: The main shortcoming of old materialism is that “things, reality and sensibility are understood only in an objective or intuitive manner, rather than as emotional activities of people, As a matter of practice, it is not understood from a subjective point of view. ”① No literary or artistic product is, of course, a reflection of social life, but art is not a copy of life. It is the result of an artist’s subjective mental processing of reality. In the history of Chinese philosophy, the advocacy of moral freedom by Taoism influenced the theory of art much more than that of Confucianism, for Confucianism pays close attention to the practical relationship between art and reality ethics and politics, and regards art as the carrier of Taoism, Ming dynasty, In order to realize its ethical purpose of being customs, thickheartedness and enlightenment, the instrument advocates gentle and generous poetic teaching, so that all human emotions that do not conform to the prevalent teachings are excluded from the gate of art while Taoism emphasizes the individual spirit Freedom, advocate the realization of the main value and the expression of free emotion, speak freely and express the spirit of the individual. “Sincerity”, that is, inherent natural truth is the Taoist respect The main body of the specific emotional expression. “True, sincerely. Also not refined and not, can not move, so the strong but not sad sad mourners, though strong anger is not strict, strong relatives though not laughing. Silence and sorrow, true anger did not send Viagra, the real pro-life did not laugh and the truth, those who move outside, so expensive really. ”(“ Zhuangzi Fisher’s father ”) Cheng Xuan Ying Note:" Fu true In the art, only the real rather than imaginary, fully but not distorted to express their emotions, in fact, Dumping chest, performance of the spirit, only?