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1990年以来,美国政府和一些私立机构的研究一再告诫人们,在许多关键技术领域,美国已明显丧失了领先地位。但问题并不限于某些具体的技术领域,根本的原因是美国的创新体系赖以成立的许多基本理论假设已经过时。为了适应当前国际市场的需要,建立新的创新模式势在必行。二战以后,美国的科技政策依据的是一种过于简单化的科技进步模型,即政府对基础研究的支持,就是对应用研究的支持,同时也是对国防和空间探索等国家任务的支持。于是,研究推力和需求拉力恰好会合,而且,联邦政府R&D的知识创新还能够用来开发新的商品和技术,工业界自然从中受益。
Since 1990, the research conducted by the U.S. government and some private institutions has repeatedly warned that the United States has obviously lost its leading position in many key technical fields. However, the issue is not limited to specific technical fields. The fundamental reason is that many of the basic theoretical assumptions upon which the U.S. innovation system has been established are outdated. In order to meet the needs of the current international market, it is imperative to establish a new innovation model. After World War II, the U.S. science and technology policy was based on an oversimplified model of scientific and technological progress. That is, government support for basic research was support for applied research and support for national tasks such as national defense and space exploration. As a result, research thrust and demand pull coincide, and the federal government's R & D knowledge innovation can also be used to develop new products and technologies that industry can naturally benefit from.