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很多金属矿床,例如著名的广东凡口铅锌矿,云浮硫铁矿,江西德兴铜矿,甘肃白银厂铜矿等都是由硫化物组成。有些矿床虽然不是硫化物矿床,但往往有硫化物相伴生,如广西大厂锡矿等。这些出露地表的含硫化物矿体,经长期的风吹、日晒、雨淋等自然作用,许多物质流失了,仅剩下一个疏松多孔象蜂窝、或丝瓜瓤样的红色或褐红色的铁锈土,覆盖在矿体上面,象人戴帽子一样,所以叫铁帽(见图)。如果铁帽本身含铁量较高时(大于40%),也就是铁矿,如广东大宝山铁一多金属矿床,上部的铁矿就是一个巨大的铁帽。但在一般情况下,是铜、铅、锌、黄铁矿(硫)等矿床的找矿标志。地质工作者常根据铁帽的颜色、铁帽空洞的形状、铁帽里的次生矿物及残留矿物和铁帽的结构来判断下面是什么矿床。例如黄褐色的铁帽下面常有方铅矿、暗褐色、棕褐色的铁帽下面可能有黄铜矿。
Many metal deposits, such as the famous Guangdong Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine, Yunfu Pyrite, Jiangxi Dexing Copper Mine, Gansu Baiyin Copper Mine and others are all composed of sulfides. Although some deposits are not sulfide deposits, but often associated with sulfides, such as Guangxi Dachang tin. These exposed sulfide-bearing ore bodies, due to long-term wind, sun, rain and other natural effects, many material loss, leaving only a loose porous like honeycomb, or loofah-like red or maroon Rust soil, covered in the ore body above, like a man wearing a hat, so called iron hat (see photo). If the iron cap itself is higher iron content (greater than 40%), that is, iron ore, such as the Guangdong Dabaoshan iron-polymetallic deposits, the upper part of the iron ore is a huge iron hat. However, under normal circumstances, it is a prospecting indicator for copper, lead, zinc and pyrite (sulfur) deposits. Geologists often determine what the following deposit is based on the color of the iron hat, the hollow shape of the iron hat, the secondary minerals in the iron hat, and the structure of the remaining minerals and iron hat. For example, there are often galena under the tan iron hat, chalcopyrite below the dark brown, tan iron hat.